24 research outputs found
Refinement of Copper(II) Azide with 1āAlkylā5Hātetrazoles: Adaptable Energetic Complexes
A concept for stabilizing highly sensitive and explosive copper(II) azide with 1āNāsubstituted tetrazoles is described. It was possible to stabilize the system by the use of highly endothermic, nitrogenārich ligands. The sensitivities of the resulting energetic copper coordination compounds can be tuned further by variation of the alkyl chain of the ligands and by phlegmatization of the complexes with classical additives during the synthesis. It is demonstrated, using the compound based on 1āmethylā5Hātetrazole ([Cu(N3)2(MTZ)], 1) that this class of complexes can be applied as a potential replacement for both lead azide (LA) and lead styphnate (LS). The complex was extensively investigated according to its chemical (elemental analysis, singleācrystal and powder Xāray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy) and physicoāchemical properties (differential thermal analysis, sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge) compared to pure copper(II) azide
OZM Ball Drop Impact Tester (BITā132) vs. BAM Standard Method ā a Comparative Investigation
Safety, performance, cost efficient synthesis and toxicity are the most important aspects of modern explosives. Sensitivity measurements are performed in accordance with different protocols all around the world. Sometimes the BAM drop hammer does not accurately reflect the sensitivity of an energetic material, in particular the sensitivity of primary explosives. Therefore, we present here preliminary results obtained using the novel ball drop tester (BITā132), manufactured by OZM research, following MILāSTDā1751ā
A (method 1016). The ball drop impact sensitivity tester is a device in which a freeāfalling steel ball is dropped onto an unconfined sample, and is expected to produce more realistic results than the currently commonly used BAM method. The results obtained using the probit analysis were compared to those from the BAM drop hammer and friction tester. The following sensitive explosives were investigated: HMTD, TATP, TAT, Tetrazene, MTXā1, KDNBF, KDNP, K2DNABT, Lead Styphnate Monohydrate, DBXā1, Nickel(II) Hydrazine Nitrate, Silver Acetylide, AgN3, Pb(N3)2 RDā1333, AgCNO, and Hg(CNO)2
Copper(II) Chlorate Complexes: The Renaissance of a Forgotten and Misjudged Energetic Anion
A convenient synthetic
route toward new copperĀ(II) chlorate complexes
with potential use in modern advanced ignition or initiation systems
is described. Obtained compounds were not only accurately characterized
(XRD, IR, UV/Vis EA and DTA) but also investigated for their energetic
character (sensitivities, initiation capability and laser ignition).
The copper 4-aminotriazolyl chlorate complex showed excellent initiation
of PETN, while also being thermally stable and safe to handle. Solid-state
UVāVis measurements were performed to get a possible insight
toward the laser initiation mechanism. In contrast to expectations,
the presented copperĀ(II) chlorate energetic coordination compounds
show manageable sensitivities that can be tamed or boosted by the
appropriate choice of nitrogen-rich ligands
Di(1<i>H</i>-tetrazol-5-yl)methane as Neutral Ligand in Energetic Transition Metal Complexes
The
synthesis of diĀ(1<i>H</i>-tetrazol-5-yl)Āmethane (<b>1</b>, 5-DTM), starting from commercially available sodium azide and malononitrile,
is described. This tetrazole was characterized and investigated for
use as a neutral nitrogen-rich ligand in various energetic transition
metal complexes: ([CuCl<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā·ā2H<sub>2</sub>O (<b>2</b>), [CoĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]ĀCl<sub>2</sub> (<b>3</b>), [NiĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]ĀCl<sub>2</sub> (<b>4</b>), [CoĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>6</b>), [NiĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>7</b>), [ZnĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>8</b>), {[Cu<sub>3</sub>Ā(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM<sub>āH</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ā(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā·ā2H<sub>2</sub>O}<sub>ā</sub> (<b>9</b>), [CuĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>11</b>), [CuĀ(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā·ā2H<sub>2</sub>O (<b>12</b>), [CuĀ(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>13</b>), [CuĀ(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>]Ā(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (<b>14</b>), and [CuĀ(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ā(5-DTM)<sub>2</sub>] (<b>15</b>). Obtained coordination
compounds were characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction
(except for <b>7</b> and <b>13</b>), IR spectroscopy,
elemental analysis, and differential thermal analysis. The sensitivities
to external stimuli (impact, friction, electrostatic discharge) were
determined. Complexes <b>12</b> and <b>13</b> were tested
for their ignitability by laser irradiation
Nitrogen-Rich Copper(II) Bromate Complexes: an Exotic Class of Primary Explosives
Because of the ongoing
very challenging search for potential replacements of the currently
used toxic lead-based primary explosives, new synthetic strategies
have to be developed. In particular, the smart concept of energetic
coordination compounds (ECC) has proven to hold great potential to
solve this difficult and complex problem. The herein-described approach
combines the exotic and neglected class of copperĀ(II) bromate ECC
with different environmentally friendly nitrogen-rich heterocycles,
which exhibit the energetic properties of powerful primary explosives.
The concept is the simple adjustment of the energetic properties of
the complexes through alteration of the corresponding azoles. Six
new copperĀ(II) bromate complexes with reasonable sensitivities are
featured in this study, which were synthesized in a practical and
straightforward fashion, assured through easy access to copperĀ(II)
bromate obtained by metathesis reaction. Obtained compounds were comprehensively
characterized through various analytical methods such as low-temperature
X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their
sensitivities toward impact and friction were assessed through BAM
standard techniques, together with their sensitivity against electrostatic
discharge. Evaluation of the energetic properties of the newly synthesized
compounds included examination of the respective thermal stabilities
by differential thermal analysis. Furthermore, the complexes were
tested regarding their behavior toward laser irradiation. Additionally,
to receive insight into a possible correlation between the laser-investigated
compoundsā optical absorption and their ability to ignite by
exposure to laser irradiation, UVāvisānear-IR spectra
were recorded
Copper(II) Chlorate Complexes: The Renaissance of a Forgotten and Misjudged Energetic Anion
A convenient synthetic
route toward new copperĀ(II) chlorate complexes
with potential use in modern advanced ignition or initiation systems
is described. Obtained compounds were not only accurately characterized
(XRD, IR, UV/Vis EA and DTA) but also investigated for their energetic
character (sensitivities, initiation capability and laser ignition).
The copper 4-aminotriazolyl chlorate complex showed excellent initiation
of PETN, while also being thermally stable and safe to handle. Solid-state
UVāVis measurements were performed to get a possible insight
toward the laser initiation mechanism. In contrast to expectations,
the presented copperĀ(II) chlorate energetic coordination compounds
show manageable sensitivities that can be tamed or boosted by the
appropriate choice of nitrogen-rich ligands