When Determiners Abound: Implications for the Encoding of Definiteness

Crosslinguistic Studies on Noun Phrase Structure and Reference contains 11 studies on the grammar of noun phrases. Part One explores NP-structure and the impact of information structure, countability and number marking on interpretation, using data from Russian, Armenian, Hebrew, Brazilian Portuguese, Karitiana, Turkish, English, Catalan and Danish. Part Two examines language specific definiteness marking strategies in spoken and signed languages—differentiated definiteness marking in Germanic, double definiteness in Greek, adnominal demonstratives in Japanese, ‘weak’ definiteness in Martiniké and the special referring options made avilable by signing. Part Three examines the second-language acquisition of genericity in English, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese. This volume will be of interest to researchers and students in syntax, formal semantics, and language acquisition

A kimeríto felsorolás értemezésu fókusz válasz

Összefoglalás Javaslatunk szerint bizonyos kérdés-válasz párok kimerít operátorokat tartalmaznak, amelyek közül az utóbbi felels a válasz kimerít (exhaustive) értelmezéséért. A fókuszált elemek egy csoportját kimeríten értelmezzük. Ezek válaszok a nekik megfelel –implicit-- kérdésekre és a szintaxisuk azonos velük. Az a tény, hogy a kimerít felsorolás jelensége a kérdés-válasz párokkal van kapcsolatban, világosan látható az olyan szerkezetekben, mint az angol 'cleft'-kérdések és a rájuk adott válaszok; illetve az olyan nyelvekben mint a magyar, ahol a kérdszavak kijelölt felszíni helye a válaszokban és a kimerít felsorolású fókuszos mondatokban (amelyek a mi megközelítésünkben válaszok implicit kérdésekre) ugyanaz a preverbális pozíció. Más típusú fókuszos szerkezetek, --ezek között mozgatott fókuszt tartalmazók is, mint amilyen az angol topikalizáció--, nem megfelel válaszok és a szintaxisuk is más mint a kérdés-válasz // Abstract We propose that certain question-answer pairs involve a pair of exhaustive operators, the second of which gives rise to the exhaustive interpretation of answers. Some foci are interpreted exhaustively. These are answers to corresponding (implicit) questions and have the same syntax. The fact that exhaustivity is related to question-answer pairs can be seen clearly in constructions like English cleft questions and their answers, or in languages like Hungarian where the designated surface position of wh-words, in answers and exhaustive foci (in our approach, answers to implicit questions) is the same preverbal slot. Other types of foci, even moved ones, must be interpreted non-exhaustively, typically contrastively. These focus constructions, like the English focus movement usually referred to as topicalisation, are not appropriate answers and do not share the syntax of question-answer pai

Polydefinites in Greek: Ellipsis, close apposition and expletive determiners

Greek polydefinites are cases of adjectival modification where the adjective features its own definite determiner. We propose an account of the phenomenon that treats it as an instance of close apposition. Like close appositives, polydefinites in Greek instantiate multiple definite determiners, display a freedom in word order, and involve a restrictive interpretation. We propose that close apposition in Greek forms a complex DP out of two DPs which are in a sisterhood relationship through identification of the Referential roles within the DPs. This operation, semantically tantamount to set intersection, is constrained to apply only when the resulting set is not co-extensive with either initial set. This ensures the restrictive interpretation of one DP over the other. The fact that in polydefinites, it is always the DP containing the adjective that obligatorily satisfies the constraint has to do with the presence of noun ellipsis within that DP: (noun) ellipsis is known to come with a disanaphora requirement. We show that noun ellipsis is also responsible for the distribution of adjectives and adjective interpretations, as well as those discourse effects of polydefinites that have been thought of as the result of a DP-internal Focus projection. Finally, we make a proposal for the encoding of definiteness in Greek, consonant both with the existence of polydefinites in the language and with the prerequisite for set intersection among DPs: the overtly realized Greek definite determiner does not itself contribute an iota operator but preserves the denotation at the DP level. Our proposal thus deals not only with the multiple occurrence of definite determiners in a construction that picks out a single discourse referent, but also with the compositionality problem that such a situation gives rise to. In the final part we tie the cross-linguistic (un)availability of expletive determiners of the Greek type to the (un)availability of morphologically realized case

Paradigmaváltás a csontmetasztázisok sebészetében. I. Végtagi és medencelokalizációjú áttétek

According to the statistical data of tumor registries the incidence of cancer has increased in the last decade, however the mortality shows only a slight change due to the new and effective multimodal treatments. The aim of our overview article is to present the changes in the survival of the metastatic patients, and to demonstrate which factors influence their prognosis. The improvement of survival resulted in a more active surgical role both in metastases of the bone of the extremities and the pelvis. We present a diagnostic flow chart and current options for the reconstruction of the different regions of the bone and skeleton, and we will discuss their potential advantages, disadvantages and complications. It is evident that apart from the impending and pathological fracture surgery it is not the first choice of treatment but rather a palliative measure. The aim of surgery is to alleviate pain, to regain mobility and improve quality of life. If possible minimal invasive techniques are performed, as they are less demanding and allow fast rehabilitation for the patient, and they are solutions that last for a lifetime. In optimal conditions radical curative surgery can be performed in about 10 to 15 per cent of the cases, and better survival is encouraging. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(40): 1563-1569

Wall-crossing, open BPS counting and matrix models

We consider wall-crossing phenomena associated to the counting of D2-branes attached to D4-branes wrapping lagrangian cycles in Calabi-Yau manifolds, both from M-theory and matrix model perspective. Firstly, from M-theory viewpoint, we review that open BPS generating functions in various chambers are given by a restriction of the modulus square of the open topological string partition functions. Secondly, we show that these BPS generating functions can be identified with integrands of matrix models, which naturally arise in the free fermion formulation of corresponding crystal models. A parameter specifying a choice of an open BPS chamber has a natural, geometric interpretation in the crystal model. These results extend previously known relations between open topological string amplitudes and matrix models to include chamber dependence.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figures, published versio

Innovation flow through social networks: Productivity distribution

A detailed empirical analysis of the productivity of non financial firms across several countries and years shows that productivity follows a non-Gaussian distribution with power law tails. We demonstrate that these empirical findings can be interpreted as consequence of a mechanism of exchanges in a social network where firms improve their productivity by direct innovation or/and by imitation of other firm's technological and organizational solutions. The type of network-connectivity determines how fast and how efficiently information can diffuse and how quickly innovation will permeate or behaviors will be imitated. From a model for innovation flow through a complex network we obtain that the expectation values of the productivity level are proportional to the connectivity of the network of links between firms. The comparison with the empirical distributions reveals that such a network must be of a scale-free type with a power-law degree distribution in the large connectivity range.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Wall-crossing, free fermions and crystal melting

We describe wall-crossing for local, toric Calabi-Yau manifolds without compact four-cycles, in terms of free fermions, vertex operators, and crystal melting. Firstly, to each such manifold we associate two states in the free fermion Hilbert space. The overlap of these states reproduces the BPS partition function corresponding to the non-commutative Donaldson-Thomas invariants, given by the modulus square of the topological string partition function. Secondly, we introduce the wall-crossing operators which represent crossing the walls of marginal stability associated to changes of the B-field through each two-cycle in the manifold. BPS partition functions in non-trivial chambers are given by the expectation values of these operators. Thirdly, we discuss crystal interpretation of such correlators for this whole class of manifolds. We describe evolution of these crystals upon a change of the moduli, and find crystal interpretation of the flop transition and the DT/PT transition. The crystals which we find generalize and unify various other Calabi-Yau crystal models which appeared in literature in recent years.Comment: 61 pages, 14 figures, published versio

Multiple D4-D2-D0 on the Conifold and Wall-crossing with the Flop

We study the wall-crossing phenomena of D4-D2-D0 bound states with two units of D4-brane charge on the resolved conifold. We identify the walls of marginal stability and evaluate the discrete changes of the BPS indices by using the Kontsevich-Soibelman wall-crossing formula. In particular, we find that the field theories on D4-branes in two large radius limits are properly connected by the wall-crossings involving the flop transition of the conifold. We also find that in one of the large radius limits there are stable bound states of two D4-D2-D0 fragments.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures; v2: typos corrected, minor changes, a reference adde

Wall-crossing of D4-D2-D0 and flop of the conifold

We discuss the wall-crossing of the BPS bound states of a non-compact holomorphic D4-brane with D2 and D0-branes on the conifold. We use the Kontsevich-Soibelman wall-crossing formula and analyze the BPS degeneracy in various chambers. In particular we obtain a relation between BPS degeneracies in two limiting attractor chambers related by a flop transition. Our result is consistent with known results and predicts BPS degeneracies in all chambers.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures; v2: typos corrected; v3: minor changes, a reference added, version to be published in JHE

Wall Crossing, Quivers and Crystals

We study the spectrum of BPS D-branes on a Calabi-Yau manifold using the 0+1 dimensional quiver gauge theory that describes the dynamics of the branes at low energies. The results of Kontsevich and Soibelman predict how the degeneracies change. We argue that Seiberg dualities of the quiver gauge theories, which change the basis of BPS states, correspond to crossing the "walls of the second kind." There is a large class of examples, including local del Pezzo surfaces, where the BPS degeneracies of quivers corresponding to one D6 brane bound to arbitrary numbers of D4, D2 and D0 branes are counted by melting crystal configurations. We show that the melting crystals that arise are a discretization of the Calabi-Yau geometry. The shape of the crystal is determined by the Calabi-Yau geometry and the background B-field, and its microscopic structure by the quiver Q. We prove that the BPS degeneracies computed from Q and Q' are related by the Kontsevich Soibelman formula, using a geometric realization of the Seiberg duality in the crystal. We also show that, in the limit of infinite B-field, the combinatorics of crystals arising from the quivers becomes that of the topological vertex. We thus re-derive the Gromov-Witten/Donaldson-Thomas correspondence