Nadużycie prawa podmiotowego w sprawach o ustanowienie rozdzielności majątkowej i ustalenie nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym

The purpose of the study is to determine the scope of application of the construction of abuse of subjective rights in cases involving the establishment of a regime of separate property by the court and the determination of unequal shares in the common property. The prerequisite for both the establishment of the regime of separate property and the determination of unequal shares in the common property are “important reasons”. In order to determine the admissibility of the application of Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code it is therefore necessary to define the meaning of the terms “important reasons” and “rules of social coexistence”. It is assumed herein that general clauses are a kind of reference, in terms of the interpretation of provisions to generically defined norms and non-legal assessments, which have, in principle, an axiological moral justification and, consequently, that only evaluative phrases, as “rules of social coexistence” can be referred to using this term. “Important reasons”, on the other hand, are not an evaluative phrase but an estimative phrase and therefore not a general clause. It was also considered that it could not be ruled the assessment, under Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code, of the request for the regime of separate property to be established by the court or the request for the establishment of unequal shares in the common property, taking into account the extent to which each of the spouses contributed to its creation.Celem opracowania jest ustalenie zakresu stosowania konstrukcji nadużycia prawa podmiotowego w sprawach o ustanowienie rozdzielności majątkowej przez sąd i ustalanie nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym. Przesłanką zarówno ustanowienia rozdzielności majątkowej, jak i ustalenia nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym są „ważne powody”. Do ustalenia dopuszczalności stosowania art. 5 Kodeksu cywilnego konieczne jest ustalenie zakresów znaczeniowych pojęć „ważne powody” i „zasady współżycia społecznego”. W artykule przyjęto, że klauzule generalne to rodzaj odesłania w zakresie interpretacji przepisów do rodzajowo określonych norm i ocen pozaprawnych, mający co do zasady aksjologiczne uzasadnienie moralne, a co za tym idzie tylko zwroty wartościujące, jak „zasady współżycia społecznego”, mogą być określane tym mianem. „Ważne powody” natomiast nie są zwrotem wartościującym, lecz zwrotem szacującym i tym samym nie są klauzulą generalną. Uznano również, że nie można wykluczyć oceny przez pryzmat przepisu art. 5 Kodeksu cywilnego żądania ustanowienia przez sąd rozdzielności majątkowej czy też żądania ustalenia nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym z uwzględnieniem stopnia, w którym każdy z małżonków przyczynił się do jego powstania

The relationship between the value of health and health behaviors in individuals over 65 years of age

Background. Health is commonly regarded to be a social and individual value. It is perceived from the angle of multiple factors that determine health status. Objectives . Evaluation of the relationship between the value of health and the health behaviors declared by primary healthcare patients over 65 years of age. Material and methods. The study encompassed 505 patients of primary healthcare who were over 65 years of age. Those surveyed were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and Health Criteria List (HCL ) by Z. Juczyński. Results . The findings of the study demonstrate that in the evaluation of the health behaviors of the surveyed patients above 65 years of age, the average value of the HBI was 76.49 points. Having analyzed the separate categories of health behaviors, it has been reported that preventive behaviors and health practices were rated highest. These seniors paid the greatest attention to health in terms of property and condition. Health in terms of being a goal is treated as least important. Patients with a higher general level of health behaviors less frequently perceive health in the category of an outcome (p = 0.001). Conclusions . Seniors attach great significance to health understood as property or condition, which may explain their reluctant approach to this issue. The perception of health as an expected outcome is associated with a lower general rate of health behaviors

Abuse of Subjective Right in Cases of Establishing a Regime of Separate Property and Determining Unequal Shares in the Common Property

The purpose of the study is to determine the scope of application of the construction of abuse of subjective rights in cases involving the establishment of a regime of separate property by the court and the determination of unequal shares in the common property. The prerequisite for both the establishment of the regime of separate property and the determination of unequal shares in the common property are “important reasons”. In order to determine the admissibility of the application of Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code it is therefore necessary to define the meaning of the terms “important reasons” and “rules of social coexistence”. It is assumed herein that general clauses are a kind of reference, in terms of the interpretation of provisions to generically defined norms and non-legal assessments, which have, in principle, an axiological moral justification and, consequently, that only evaluative phrases, as “rules of social coexistence” can be referred to using this term. “Important reasons”, on the other hand, are not an evaluative phrase but an estimative phrase and therefore not a general clause. It was also considered that it could not be ruled the assessment, under Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code, of the request for the regime of separate property to be established by the court or the request for the establishment of unequal shares in the common property, taking into account the extent to which each of the spouses contributed to its creation.Celem opracowania jest ustalenie zakresu stosowania konstrukcji nadużycia prawa podmiotowego w sprawach o ustanowienie rozdzielności majątkowej przez sąd i ustalanie nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym. Przesłanką zarówno ustanowienia rozdzielności majątkowej, jak i ustalenia nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym są „ważne powody”. Do ustalenia dopuszczalności stosowania art. 5 Kodeksu cywilnego konieczne jest ustalenie zakresów znaczeniowych pojęć „ważne powody” i „zasady współżycia społecznego”. W artykule przyjęto, że klauzule generalne to rodzaj odesłania w zakresie interpretacji przepisów do rodzajowo określonych norm i ocen pozaprawnych, mający co do zasady aksjologiczne uzasadnienie moralne, a co za tym idzie tylko zwroty wartościujące, jak „zasady współżycia społecznego”, mogą być określane tym mianem. „Ważne powody” natomiast nie są zwrotem wartościującym, lecz zwrotem szacującym i tym samym nie są klauzulą generalną. Uznano również, że nie można wykluczyć oceny przez pryzmat przepisu art. 5 Kodeksu cywilnego żądania ustanowienia przez sąd rozdzielności majątkowej czy też żądania ustalenia nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym z uwzględnieniem stopnia, w którym każdy z małżonków przyczynił się do jego powstania

The health locus of control and health behaviours declared by students of health sciences

Introduction. Health locus of control is an essential factor affecting lifestyle which plays a major role in choosing health behaviours by individuals including young ones

The relationship between the value of health and health behaviors in individuals over 65 years of age

Background. Health is commonly regarded to be a social and individual value. It is perceived from the angle of multiple factors that determine health status. Objectives . Evaluation of the relationship between the value of health and the health behaviors declared by primary healthcare patients over 65 years of age. Material and methods. The study encompassed 505 patients of primary healthcare who were over 65 years of age. Those surveyed were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and Health Criteria List (HCL ) by Z. Juczyński. Results . The findings of the study demonstrate that in the evaluation of the health behaviors of the surveyed patients above 65 years of age, the average value of the HBI was 76.49 points. Having analyzed the separate categories of health behaviors, it has been reported that preventive behaviors and health practices were rated highest. These seniors paid the greatest attention to health in terms of property and condition. Health in terms of being a goal is treated as least important. Patients with a higher general level of health behaviors less frequently perceive health in the category of an outcome (p = 0.001). Conclusions . Seniors attach great significance to health understood as property or condition, which may explain their reluctant approach to this issue. The perception of health as an expected outcome is associated with a lower general rate of health behaviors