CAN ROBOTS LAUGH?

For knowledge based systems knowledge, which is usually given as natural language descriptions, has to be transferred into formal representations. The authors argue that the expressive power of natural language lies partially in the possibility that it can be considered as a rich system of sublanguages. The category of theory morphisms is an adequate mathematical tool to handle the sublanguages of different subfields, different points of references and different levels of abstraction. To prove the claim jokes are analysed and it is shown that in this way a very abstract logical characterisation can be given. The paper tries to answer even the question in the title

Spectrum of local boundary operators from boundary form factor bootstrap

Using the recently introduced boundary form factor bootstrap equations, we map the complete space of their solutions for the boundary version of the scaling Lee-Yang model and sinh-Gordon theory. We show that the complete space of solutions, graded by the ultraviolet behaviour of the form factors can be brought into correspondence with the spectrum of local boundary operators expected from boundary conformal field theory, which is a major evidence for the correctness of the boundary form factor bootstrap framework.Comment: 27 pages, LaTeX2e fil

Reference data for ultrasound bone characteristics in Hungarian children aged 7–19 years

Backround: Osteoporosis is a common disease and physical activity (PA) has a favourable influence on bone status. Aim: To establish normative data for calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone characteristics in children and to analyse the relationships between PA, anthropometric and bone parameters. Subjects and methods: Hungarian children aged 7–19 (n = 2674; 1325 girls, 1349 boys) provided PA, anthropometric and bone data. QUS parameters were registered with Sonost3000 densitometer (speed of sound: SOS, m/s; broadband ultrasound attenuation: BUA, dB/MHz; bone quantity index (BQI = αSOS + βBUA). Reference centiles of QUS parameters were constructed by LMS method. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyse the relationships. Results: QUS bone parameters increased with age. There were no gender differences, except in 11- and 19-year-old children, where boys showed higher values. SOS (1497.15 ± 15.72 vs 1494.05 ± 14.81 m/s) and BQI (65.31 ± 16.71 vs 62.26 ± 15.78) were higher in athletic children. The regression model revealed significant relations between SOS and age, relative muscle mass and PA; BUA correlated with gender, morphological age, BMI, relative muscle mass and PA. Conclusions: Changes in the bone parameters among 7–19-year-old Hungarian children depended on age, anthropometric dimensions and the level of PA. The normative data could be used for monitoring QUS bone parameters in children, leading to more effective interventions for healthy bones