L’aventure libyenne et ses vécus politiques et sécuritaires pour les migrants maliens

Cet article décrit et analyse l’historicité des expulsions des Maliens de Libye, à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1980, et l’instrumentalisation des enjeux migratoires dans les politiques économiques et sécuritaires nationales et interrégionales à partir des perceptions et des perspectives des rapatriés. Il démontre comment la fabrique des rapatriés, une catégorie de migrants de retour au pays, participe à la complexité de la situation contemporaine au Mali. Il souligne aussi comment, au tournant des années 2000, l’Union européenne a contribué à renforcer ce processus. L’article s’appuie sur des données issues d’entretiens réalisés avec des rapatriés maliens de Libye et avec des officiels maliens impliqués dans la gestion des migrations, ainsi que sur des débats radiophoniques et des conférences de presse sur le rapatriement et la crise migratoire en Libye. L’article contribue aux débats sur les parcours des migrants, souvent marqués par la violence, l’insécurité, la stigmatisation et l’exclusion.This article describes and analyzes the historicity of the evictions of Malians from Libya from the second half of the 1980s and the instrumentalization of migration in national and interregional economic and security policies from the perceptions and perspectives of repatriates. It demonstrates how the complexity of the contemporary situation in Mali owes much to the historical depth of the making of the returnees, a category of return migrants, which from the 2000s onwards was reinforced by the European Union. The article uses interview data with returnees from Libya, Malian officials in charge of migration management, and radio debates and press conferences on the migration crisis, border management policies and the presence of migrant workers in Libya. Finally, it intends to contribute to the debates on migrants’ pathways, often marked by violence, insecurity, stigma and exclusion

Mali: Abschiebungen als postkoloniale Praxis

Ebenso wie afrikanische Migrationen finden auch Abschiebungen größtenteils innerhalb des afrikanischen Kontinents statt. Debatten darüber sind jedoch zumeist auf den Globalen Norden gerichtet. Der Artikel analysiert die Geschichte und die Praktiken von Abschiebungen aus einer weniger eurozentrischen Perspektive. Die Kernthese ist, dass Abschiebungen aus west-, zentral- und nordafrikanischen Ländern in diesen Regionen in Form von (Massen-)Abschiebungen mit der Unabhängigkeit vieler Staaten zu einem politischen Instrument wurden. Diese "afrikanischen" Abschiebungen dienten damit der Bestätigung der neuen staatlichen Souveränität in der Zeit der Dekolonisierung. Mali dient in diesem Beitrag als Beispiel, um diese (neue) staatliche Praxis und deren Auswirkungen zu untersuchen. Dabei hat der malische Staat selber keine Abschiebungen vorgenommen, vielmehr sind malische Staatsbürger*innen stark von innerafrikanischen Abschiebungen betroffen. Sie unterbrechen dabei die gerade für Westafrika kennzeichnende Zirkularität von Migrationen. In Mali entstanden u.a. Kontroversen über den Umgang mit den Abgeschobenen, etwa in Bezug auf ihre Wiederansiedlung und das Instrument der freiwilligen Rückkehr. Die malische Zivilgesellschaft begann in den 1990er Jahren, sich gegen unerwünschte Formen der Zwangsrückführung zu organisieren. Zugleich zog sich der Staat aus Reintegrationsmaßnahmen zurück, so dass hier die Zivilgesellschaft hauptverantwortlich wurde.This article attempts to “re-narrate” the history and practices of deportation from a less Eurocentric perspective. Until today, academic debates about deportations have primarily focused on the Global North, even though countries in the Global South, for example on the African continent, have implemented similar policies and discourses against non-nationals for decades. While Mali has been affected by the deportation of its nationals from France since independence, the Malian State takes an ambivalent stance towards the management of expulsions, repatriations, and deportations vis-à-vis other African, European, and international actors. In the 1990s, Malian civil society started to organise against unwanted forms of forced return. Consequently, today Malian returnees are met with very particular social, economic, and institutional regimes. This paper counters the Eurocentric discourse surrounding the deportation of Malians and, in particularly, takes into account the historicity and the importance of deportations and repatriations implemented across the African continent since the 1960s and the reactions to it up until today. The article makes the theoretical case that deportations within the African continent are particularly constitutive of the postcolonial African nation-state and society, while deportations from the Global North remain particularly "symbolically significant"

L' Itinéraire sanglant. 1 / Almamy Fodé Sylla,...

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Importance of the Social Structures in Cowpea Varietal Demands for Women and Men Farmers in Segou Region, Mali

Cowpea is the second most consumed leguminous crop after groundnut in Mali. Its national production was 260,000 tons in 2018. It contributes to nitrogen fixation in the soil. The improved varieties of cowpea cultivars contain traits such as high grain yield, drought resistance, and early maturity. However, the adoption of improved cowpea varieties remains low. The non-participation and or non-consideration of the needs of men and women farmers in the varietal selection process contributed to the low adoption rate of improved cowpea varieties. This study aims to understand the gender dynamics and social structures within the communities. It examines its influence on the adoption of improved varieties of cowpea. Anchored on gender relations theories, gender and social structures are analyzed as the core frame for organizing social relations that guide and coordinate individuals’ actions in a given situation. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied to collect data from cowpea growers in 11 villages around the Cinzana Research Station. It emerged from the study that male farmers are quick adopters of newly released cowpea varieties because they are mainly more involved in trials, innovation platforms, field visits, demonstration plot activities, and FPVS than women. Women are less involved in these activities, except in sorting harvested cowpea grains and seeds in the Cinzana Research Station. Women’s participation in cowpea related-activities is determined by the rules and norms of physical mobility and the structures that control and guide social interactions and connections within and outside of households and communities. The study recommends efficient resource allocation within households and communities, and the set up of strong institutional frameworks (such as innovation platforms) to enable women in adopting new and improved cowpea varieties and to expand the available opportunities in the cowpea production system

Psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 in the Guinean population. An online cross-sectional survey.

Guinea, like many other African countries, has been facing an unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak, since March 2020. In April 2020, Guinean National agency for health security recorded 1351 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 313 recoveries and 07 deaths. To address this health crisis, some drastic measures were implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Those measures might potentially cause some psychological problems among Guineans. Thus, we conducted this study to assess the psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 in the Guinean population. We carried out an online cross-sectional survey among internet users in Guinea. A free e-survey platform was used, and questionnaires were sent to internet users. The study ran from May 1 through May 10 2020. Participation in the study was voluntary. Data collection was based on sociodemographic information and self-reported questionnaires: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for stress evaluation, Penn state worry questionnaire (PSWQ), and an adapted Social Psychological Measurements of COVID-19. A total of 280 participants took part in the study; responses from 5 participants were deleted because of incompleteness. The average age of participants was 28.9 [95% CI: 28.1;29.6]. Most of participants were male 65.5% [95% CI: 59.5%;71.1%]. Unemployed participants stood for 48.7% [95% CI: 42.7%;54.8%]. IES-R scale for stress evaluation yielded the following findings: 19.6% (mild), 5.23% (moderate) and 9.15% (severe); 82.8% and 17.2% of participants had respectively reported low and moderate worry. No significant statistical association was found between sociodemographic variables and traumatic events (IES-R and PSWQ). However, 82% of our participants had to cope with the negative impacts of COVID-19. Although there were few cases of traumatic events, negative impacts of COVID-19 on study participants deserve to be underlined. So, further investigations are necessary to identify and disentangle specific psychosocial problems in different Guinean socio-cultural contexts

Haematological and Biochemical Reference Values for Healthy Population of Maferinyah Rural Community in Guinea

Guinea’s reference ranges for biological parameters rely on those of Caucasian values. Variability in reference ranges according to the context is well-documented. We conducted this study for the purpose of future malaria clinical trials that assess the efficacy and safety of malaria drugs. A repeated cross-sectional study was carried out, in an apparently healthy cohort population. Surveys took place in Maferinyah rural community, which is located at 75 km from the capital. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were determined nonparametrically and stood for reference intervals. Reference values were determined separately for males and females according to ranges of age (6-10 years of age; 11-15 years of age; 16-45 years of age). Differences between genders were tested using the Mann-Whitney test, while the Friedman test was performed to test differences within each gender group according to the seasons. A total of 450 volunteers were enrolled. The median age was 13. Males 16-45 years of age had significantly higher hematologic and biochemical values compared to a female of the same age (for hematological parameters: Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC p≤0.001, Platelets p≤0.001, monocytes p=0.0305, eosinophils p=0.0225; for biochemical parameters: Aspartate aminotransferase AST p≤0.001, Alanine Aminotransferase ALT p≤0.001, creatinine p≤0.001). We noticed significant seasonal variations for all the biochemical parameters and some hematologic parameters (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin MCH, MCHC, Mean Cell volume). This is the first study establishing hematologic and biochemical parameters in Guinea. These findings provide a useful guide for the clinical researchers and care providers. Studies on large scale and in different settings would be also desirable

Evaluation of maternal and child care continuum in Guinea: a secondary analysis of two demographic and health surveys using the composite coverage index (CCI)

International audienceIntroduction: The composite coverage index (CCI) is the weighted average coverage of eight preventive and curative interventions received along the maternal and childcare continuum. This study aimed to analyse maternal and child health indicators using CCI.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of demographic and health surveys (DHS) focused on women aged 15 to 49 and their children aged 1 to 4. This study took place in Guinea. The CCI (meeting the need for planning, childbirth assisted by qualified healthcare workers, antenatal care assisted by qualified healthcare workers, vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, taking oral rehydration salts during diarrhoea and seeking care for pneumonia) is optimal if the weighted proportion of interventions is > 50%; otherwise, it is partial. We identified the factors associated with CCI using the descriptive association tests, the spatial autocorrelation statistic and multivariate logistic regression.Results: The analyses involved two DHS surveys, with 3034 included in 2012 and 4212 in 2018. The optimal coverage of the CCI has increased from 43% in 2012 to 61% in 2018. In multivariate analysis, in 2012: the poor had a lower probability of having an optimal CCI than the richest; OR = 0.11 [95% CI; 0.07, 0.18]. Those who had done four antenatal care visits (ANC) were 2.78 times more likely to have an optimal CCI than those with less OR = 2.78 [95% CI;2.24, 3.45]. In 2018: the poor had a lower probability of having an optimal CCI than the richest OR = 0.27 [95% CI; 0.19, 0.38]. Women who planned their pregnancies were 28% more likely to have an optimal CCI than those who had not planned OR = 1.28 [95% CI;1.05, 1.56]. Finally, women with more than 4 ANC were 2.43 times more likely to have an optimal CCI than those with the least OR = 2.43 [95% CI; 2.03, 2.90]. The spatial analysis reveals significant disparities with an aggregation of high partial CCI in Labé between 2012 and 2018.Conclusion: This study showed an increase in CCI between 2012 and 2018. Policies should improve access to care and information for poor women. Besides, strengthening ANC visits and reducing regional inequalities increases optimal CCI