Recension : Les pédagogies de ré-imagination et de désapprentissage : Les dommages du décolonialisme au sein/contre les tenants du colonialisme au Canada

This book review is a close reading of three book-length works by key, contemporary scholars in the field of settler colonial studies: Walter Mignolo and Catherine Walsh's On Decoloniality; Adam Dahl's The Empire of the People; and Emma Battell Lowman and Adam Barker's Settler: Identity and Colonialism in 21st Century Canada. This review provides a critical account of the significance of navigating the complexities of modern settler colonial practices and frameworks within Western settler societies to better inform and navigate our own decolonizing processes. We identify settler logics, perspectives and foundational frameworks as key factors in our current educative practices. Through this, we debate the significance of unsettling our/selves to consider extensions of our identities through a decolonial lens and how we, as a society, contribute to ongoing colonial processes. The review also provides approaches to how these resources may be used to deepen our anti-colonial lens by considering these texts as an underlying basis to reflect upon current educative curricula.Ce travail est une analyse minutieuse sur les critiques des trois ouvrages écrits par des universitaires contemporains de référence dans le domaine des études décoloniales : La Décolonisation (On Decoloniality) de Walter Mignolo et Catherine Walsh; L’Empire du Peuple (The Empire of the People) de Adam Dahl; et Les Colons : Identité et colonialisme en 21ème siècle au Canada (Settler: Identity and Colonialism in 21st Century Canada) de Emma Battell Lowman et Adam Barker. Cette étude fournit un compte rendu critique de l’importance d’explorer les éléments complexes constituant les structures et les pratiques du système colonialisme moderne à l’intérieur des sociétés occidentales coloniales afin de mieux nous informer et nous diriger dans nos propres processus de décolonisation. Nous identifions les logiques, les perspectives et les cadres référentiels des colons qui sont des facteurs clés de nos pratiques éducatives actuelles. A travers cette analyse, nous discutons de l’importance de nous défaire nous-mêmes en considérant les héritages de nos identités sous un angle décolonial et comment nous, en tant que société, contribuons aux processus du système colonialisme actuel. L’analyse fournit aussi une approche sur la façon dont ces ressources peuvent être utilisées pour approfondir notre vision anticoloniale en considérant ces écrits comme un fondement sur lequel se reposent les curricula actuels

T cell repertoire profiling in allografts and native tissues in recipients with COVID–19 after solid organ transplantation: Insight into T cell–mediated allograft protection from viral infection

IntroductionThe effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the body, and why the effects are more severe in certain patients, remain incompletely understood. One population of special interest is transplant recipients because of their immunosuppressed state. Understanding the pathophysiology of graft dysfunction in transplant patients with the COVID-19 viral syndrome is important for prognosticating the risk to the graft as well as understanding how best to prevent and, if necessary, treat graft injury in these patients.MethodsWe analyzed multiple types of solid organ transplant recipients (liver, kidney, heart or lung) at our institution who died from SARS-CoV-2 and underwent autopsy (n = 6) or whose grafts were biopsied during active SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 8). Their serum inflammatory markers were examined together with the histological appearance, viral load, and TCR repertoire of their graft tissue and, for autopsy patients, several native tissues.ResultsHistology and clinical lab results revealed a systemic inflammatory pattern that included elevated inflammatory markers and diffuse tissue damage regardless of graft rejection. Virus was detected throughout all tissues, although most abundant in lungs. The TCR repertoire was broadly similar throughout the tissues of each individual, with greater sharing of dominant clones associated with more rapid disease course. There was no difference in viral load or clonal distribution of overall, COVID-associated, or putative SARS-CoV-2-specific TCRs between allograft and native tissue. We further demonstrated that SARSCoV-2-specific TCR sequences in transplant patients lack a donor HLArestricted pattern, regardless of distribution in allograft or native tissues,suggesting that recognition of viral antigens on infiltrating recipient cells can effectively trigger host T cell anti-viral responses in both the host and graft.DiscussionOur findings suggest a systemic immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in solid organ transplant patients that is not associated with rejection and consistent with a largely destructive effect of recipient HLA-restricted T cell clones that affects donor and native organs similarly

Availability, indications for use and main ingredients of mouthwashes in six major supermarkets in Gauteng

Patients often ask oral health care practitioners to recommend the “best” mouthwash for their specific needs and desires. Considering the vast array of products available, the number of television, radio and printed media advertisements, and the promotional campaigns from dental representatives, selecting and recommending a single product can be daunting. As a result, advice and selection are often based on personal preferences, and may not identify a mouthwash most suitable for the specific needs of a particular patient. This study was undertaken to investigate the range, availability, advertised indications and ingredients of all the mouthwashes on offer in six large supermarket chains in Gauteng. After identifying all the available over-the-counter mouthwashes on sale, a descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken. The advertised indications for use, active ingredients, mode of action and cost of the collected samples were compared. The results may help clinicians have a better understanding of the range, nature and characteristics of a selection from each brand enabling a recommendation of the most suitable product to meet each individual need.www.sada.co.zaam2016Prosthodontic

Donor Bone Marrow-Derived T Cells Inhibit GVHD Induced by Donor Lymphocyte Infusion in Established Mixed Allogeneic Hematopoietic Chimeras

Delayed administration of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to established mixed chimeras has been shown to achieve anti-tumor responses without graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Herein we show that de novo donor BM-derived T cells that are tolerant of the recipients are important in preventing GVHD in mixed chimeras receiving delayed DLI. Mixed chimeras lacking donor BM-derived T cells developed significantly more severe GVHD than those with donor BM-derived T cells after DLI, even though both groups had comparable levels of total T cells at the time of DLI. Post-DLI depletion of donor BM-derived T cells in mixed chimeras, as late as 20 days after DLI, also provoked severe GVHD. Although both CD4 and CD8 T cells contributed to the protection, the latter were significantly more effective, suggesting that inhibition of GVHD was not mainly mediated by CD4 regulatory T cells. The lack of donor BM-derived T cells was associated with markedly increased accumulation of DLI-derived alloreactive T cells in parenchymal GVHD target tissues. Thus, donor BM-derived T cells are an important factor in determining the risk of GVHD and therefore, offer a potential therapeutic target for preventing and ameliorating GVHD in the setting of delayed DLI in established mixed chimeras

Public health messages during a global emergency through an online community: a discourse and sentiment analysis

The growing popularity of social media and its ubiquitous presence in our lives brings associated risks such as the spread of mis- and disinformation, particularly when these may be unregulated in times of global crises. Online communities are able to provide support by enabling connection with others and also provide great potential for dynamic interaction and timely dissemination of information compared with more traditional methods. This study evaluates interactions within the Essex Coronavirus Action/Support Facebook private group, which set out to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection by informing Essex residents of guidance and helping vulnerable individuals. At the outset, 18 community administrators oversaw the group, which attracted approximately 37,900 members. Longitudinal Facebook group interactions across five periods spanning the UK lockdowns 2020–2021 were analysed using psychological discourse analysis and supplementary computed-mediated analysis to further explore sentiment and linguistic features. The findings endorsed that the group provided a protected space for residents to express their feelings in times of crises and an opportunity to address confusion and concern. The effective communication of public health messages was facilitated by promoting desired interaction and the construction of group identities. Administrators worked with group members to achieve a shared understanding of others' perspectives and the COVID-19 evidence base, which led to a mobilisation of the provision of support in the community. This was accomplished through the application of rhetorical and interactional devices. This study demonstrates how online groups can employ discursive strategies to engage audiences, build cohesion, provide support, and encourage health protective behaviours. This has implications for public health teams in terms of designing, implementing, or evaluating such interventions

An inflammatory checkpoint regulates recruitment of graft-versus-host reactive T cells to peripheral tissues

Transfer of T cells to freshly irradiated allogeneic recipients leads to their rapid recruitment to nonlymphoid tissues, where they induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In contrast, when donor T cells are transferred to established mixed chimeras (MCs), GVHD is not induced despite a robust graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction that eliminates normal and malignant host hematopoietic cells. We demonstrate here that donor GVH-reactive T cells transferred to MCs or freshly irradiated mice undergo similar expansion and activation, with similar up-regulation of homing molecules required for entry to nonlymphoid tissues. Using dynamic two-photon in vivo microscopy, we show that these activated T cells do not enter GVHD target tissues in established MCs, contrary to the dogma that activated T cells inevitably traffic to nonlymphoid tissues. Instead, we show that the presence of inflammation within a nonlymphoid tissue is a prerequisite for the trafficking of activated T cells to that site. Our studies help to explain the paradox whereby GVH-reactive T cells can mediate graft-versus-leukemia responses without inducing GVHD in established MCs