Structural determinants of stability to proteolysis, processing and impact on allergenic potential of non-specific lipid transfer proteins

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a class of low molecular weight hydrophobic conserved proteins comprising four intramolecular disulphide bonds making the structure very resistant to proteolysis and harsh food processing conditions. These proteins are identified as strong allergens sensitizing through the gut and share epitopes with LTPs from closely related species. Peach LTP, Pru p 3 is the primary sensitizer in the Mediterranean area being the most frequent food allergen. Wheat LTP, Tri a 14 is a relatively weak allergen with a very low prevalence. The study here compares the structural properties of these proteins and their resistance to various digestive and processing processes. Ligand binding experiments showed that Pru p 3 binds to ligands more strongly than Tri a 14. The gastroduodenal digestion of these LTPs revealed that both are stable to gastric digestion and while Pru p 3 is susceptible to duodenal digestion, Tri a 14 digestion is negligible. Ligand binding did not affect the digestibility of Pru p 3 but improved the duodenal digestibility of Tri a 14. The IgE binding studies using sera from peach allergic individuals confirmed that both Pru p 3 and its digestion fragments in the presence and absence of ligand were IgE reactive. Model processing conditions were employed to treat these LTPs. It was found that heat treatment destroys the secondary structure of Pru p 3 at 121°C and slightly affects that of Tri a 14. Heat treatment also increased the susceptibility of Pru p 3 to gastric digestion while Tri a 14 was less affected. The IgE binding studies showed that heat treatment of Pru p 3 appeared to reduce its IgE recognition while its digestion fragments lost all of their IgE reactivity. To investigate the effect of the food matrix on the digestibility of these LTPs, peach peel containing Pru p 3 and wheat flour containing Tri a 14 were digested under simulated conditions. It was found that they were resistant to proteolysis in their native matrices. Effect of heat treatment to the food matrix again confirmed that both of these proteins were more stable to heat in the matrix and were less digestible. In conclusion, this study shows that there are factors in food matrices which enhance structural stability of LTPs to both processing and digestion. Thus factors such as the effect of food matrix and effect of processing should be taken into account in assessing the allergenic risk posed by foods and not simply rely on data from purified proteins

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HCL

Objective: This study was conducted to design a transdermal dosage form of pseudoephedrine HCL and to evaluate its release under controlled rates for sustained transdermal delivery of Pseudoephedrine. Methods: Transdermal patches were prepared by the casting evaporation method. Utilizing eudragit RL100. Patches were characterized by physical appearance, moisture content, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, tensile strength and stability studies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry analysis (SCA) and XRD studies. Four different permeation enhancer (Tween 20, thymus oil, castor oil and eucalyptus oil) was employed. In vitro release of drugs was done in the dissolution paddle apparatus. Release studies were performed in distilled water at 37 °C. Scanning electron microscope studies were performed before and after the drug. Results: Transdermal patches with enhancers were formulated successfully with a concentration of 1% (W/V). The patches indicated stable physicochemical characteristics. FTIR, SCA and XRD Studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drugs. Results of in vitro permeation studies showed that enhancers used in this study increased drug released. The enhancers showed faster released than no enhancer. This arrangement can be shown as Tween>Eucalyptus oil>Thymus oil and castor oil. Formulation F2 is optimized among all formulations showed an 83.3% release. Conclusion: Transdermal patches of pseudoephedrine were successfully developed by using pseudo epinephrine HCL. These patches proved to be very useful for therapeutic purposes in the pharmaceutical industry without making the patients unconscious, unlike the trivial methods of treatment

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CELECOXIB CREAM AND ITS RELEASED STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in vitro release study. Methods: The release study was conducted, using dialysis cellulose membrane, in Franz cells. The donor chamber was filled with phosphate buffer pH 7.4, released medium were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 250 nm. Kinetics model was used for calculations. The cream was followed by different evaluations like pH measurement, homogeneity, spreadability, stability study, drug content, SEM, XRD studies and skin irritation test was used for the reliability of physical conditions and chemical relation. DD solver and SPSS were used for statistical analyzation of the data. Results: The best in vitro drug release profile achieved with thyme oil in Celecoxib cream. Formulation F2 showed the highest (83%) released. The results of the Celecoxib (1%) were suitable in all constraints. The prepared Celecoxib cream was encouraging for the formulation of transdermal drug delivery. Conclusion: The Celecoxib cream was successfully prepared and could be beneficial for transdermal drug delivery

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MEFENAMIC ACID OINTMENT USING PENETRATION ENHANCERS

Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition of penetration enhancer’s clove oil. Methods: 1%, 2% and 3% formulations of Mefenamic acid ointment formulated as per B. P, by melting hard paraffin 4.75g at 60 °C initially and to this 4.75 g wool fatwas incorporated, followed by addition of soft paraffin 80.75g and then adding Cetostearyl alcohol 4.75g and 1,2 and 3 ml clove oil by continuous stirring later on ointment being cooled at room temperature. These formulations were checked for consistency, Spreadability, homogeneity, PH, viscosity, skin irritation, drug content, UV absorbance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD (X. ray diffraction) studies. In vitro pattern via using Franz cells besides with the use of dialysis cellulose membrane was done. Results: All the synthesized formulations illustrated fine physicochemical characteristics. SEM and XRD Studies expressed that there were no physicochemical incompatibilities among active ingredient (Mefenamic acid salt) and additives combined as drug permeation enhancers (clove oil).3% formulation showed maximum released 65.199%. Conclusion: In the present study, it was noted that clove oil can enhance the permeation of Mefenamic acid topical ointment

FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSION BASED GEL OF SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE AND IT’S IN VITRO STUDIES

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion based gel system considering transdermal delivery of Salbutamol with a purpose to increase the solubility and membrane drug deliverance. Methods: Oleic acid was favored for oil phase owing to the proficiency of solubility in this study. Despite surfactant and co-surfactant was determined by virtue of their solubilizing strength wherewith they developed MEs. Accomplishing Franz diffusion cells equipped with cellulose membrane for in vitro study. The Polymer carbopol 934 were used for based gel preparation to enhance the viscosity of microemulsion for transdermal utilization. The advanced micro emulsion-based gel, which was assessed for pH, centrifugation, spreadability conductivity, drug content, viscosity, SEM, XRD and stability studies. Results: The process of drug escape from microemulsion gel-based was noticed to pursue Korsmeyer-peppas model kinetics. The designed, microemulsion gel-based displayed acceptable stability layer than 3 mo. Drug release microemulsion within 24 h was observed 74%. Conclusion: The results illustrate that deliberated effort to establish microemulsion based gel (F3) was likely to produce sustained action of drug release (78.3%) and be permitted auspicious vehicle for transdermal distribution of Salbutamol

Emotional Intelligence and Teaching Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Emotional Labor Strategies

The study examines the direct effect of four “emotional intelligence” attributes on teachers’ job satisfaction in Karachi’s private teaching institutions. The study also investigates the mediating effects of “emotional labor strategies” on teachers’ job satisfaction. We have used the questionnaire adopted from earlier studies. We distributed 550 questionnaires to respondents, of which we received 499 useable responses. The study has used Smart PLS version 3.3 for data analysis. Our results support only six hypotheses, including two direct and our indirect. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge in the following ways. First, it has measured the effects of the four attributes of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction. Second, most studies have examined the mediating effect of emotional labor strategies on emotional intelligence and other job satisfaction antecedents. Perhaps this is the first study that has examined the direct impact of the sub-factor of emotional intelligence on teachers’ job satisfaction. Additionally, it also looks at the mediating effect of emotional labor strategies on teachers’ satisfaction. There are several implications for managers. For example, the teaching institutes should provide counseling and training to teachers for enhancing their emotional intelligence. Emotional labor strategies help individuals control and monitor their emotions; therefore, educational institutions may also encourage their teachers to adopt these strategies

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GLIBENCLAMIDE GEL FOR TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY

Objective: The purpose of the recent study was to formulate glibenclamide gels for transdermal drug release, and to evaluate the oleic acid effect on the release of the preparations. Methods: Oleic acid was used at a range of concentrations in the gel formulations and its effects observed in Glibenclamide gel using In vitro release of drug was done in Franz diffusion cells, whereas pH 7.4 Phosphate buffer was used for release studies. Formulations were characterized by clarity, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadabilty, skin irritation, drug content, stability studies. Scanning calroimetry analysis (SCA) and XRD studies were performed to assess the physical and chemical interactions. Results: Release profiles in vitro were observed. The released quantity of drug recovered from the glibenclamide gel after the addition of 1% oleic acid, increased with increasing concentration of the enhancer that is oleic acid. Whereas drug quantity recovered in the receptor solvent was 69.999% of Glibenclamide gel having 3% oleic acid. All the formulation were physicochemically stable. The data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS and DD solver. Conclusion: The drug is released and the oleic acid does enhance the release of the drug with the increase in its concentration