Uloga istodobne primjene antioksidanata u sprječavanju oksidacijskih oštećenja uzrokovanih supkroničnom izloženošću štakora arsenu

In this experiment thirty rats were exposed to 0 (Gr. I, healthy controls) or 10 ppm arsenic (sodium arsenite) through drinking water ad lib for eight weeks after dividing them into five groups of six rats each. Rats in Gr. III, IV and V were administered a daily oral dose of cysteine, methionine or ascorbic acid 25 mg/kg body mass respectively, while those in Gr. II served as the treated control. At the end of the experimental period oxidative stress indices viz. lipid peroxides level (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated in blood, liver and kidneys from sacrificed rats. Arsenic exposure resulted in a significant (P0.05) effects on the body mass of rats of different groups over time. It is concluded from the present study that prophylactic co-administration of cysteine, methionine and ascorbic acid could provide tissue specific protection from oxidative injury during sub-chronic exposure to arsenicU istraživanju su štakori bili izloženi natrijevom arsenitu (10 ppm arsena) primijenjenom u vodi za piće tijekom 8 tjedana nakon čega su bili podijeljeni u 5 skupina po 6 štakora. Štakorima u skupinama 3, 4 i 5 oralnim je putem dnevno davan cistein, metionin ili askorbinska kiselina u količini od 25 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Štakori 2. skupine poslužili su kao kontrola. Na kraju pokusa određeni su pokazatelji oksidativnog stresa i to razina lipidnog peroksida, superoksidne dismutaze i katalaze u krvi, jetri i bubrezima. Izloženost arsenu očitovala se značajnim (P0,05) na tjelesnu masu štakora različitih skupina. Zaključeno je da istodobna profilaktička primjena cisteina, metionina ili askorbinske kiseline pruža specifičnu zaštitu tkiva od oksidacijskih oštećenja uzrokovanih supkroničnim izlaganjem arsenu

Uloga istodobne primjene antioksidanata u sprječavanju oksidacijskih oštećenja uzrokovanih supkroničnom izloženošću štakora arsenu

In this experiment thirty rats were exposed to 0 (Gr. I, healthy controls) or 10 ppm arsenic (sodium arsenite) through drinking water ad lib for eight weeks after dividing them into five groups of six rats each. Rats in Gr. III, IV and V were administered a daily oral dose of cysteine, methionine or ascorbic acid 25 mg/kg body mass respectively, while those in Gr. II served as the treated control. At the end of the experimental period oxidative stress indices viz. lipid peroxides level (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated in blood, liver and kidneys from sacrificed rats. Arsenic exposure resulted in a significant (P0.05) effects on the body mass of rats of different groups over time. It is concluded from the present study that prophylactic co-administration of cysteine, methionine and ascorbic acid could provide tissue specific protection from oxidative injury during sub-chronic exposure to arsenicU istraživanju su štakori bili izloženi natrijevom arsenitu (10 ppm arsena) primijenjenom u vodi za piće tijekom 8 tjedana nakon čega su bili podijeljeni u 5 skupina po 6 štakora. Štakorima u skupinama 3, 4 i 5 oralnim je putem dnevno davan cistein, metionin ili askorbinska kiselina u količini od 25 mg/kg tjelesne mase. Štakori 2. skupine poslužili su kao kontrola. Na kraju pokusa određeni su pokazatelji oksidativnog stresa i to razina lipidnog peroksida, superoksidne dismutaze i katalaze u krvi, jetri i bubrezima. Izloženost arsenu očitovala se značajnim (P0,05) na tjelesnu masu štakora različitih skupina. Zaključeno je da istodobna profilaktička primjena cisteina, metionina ili askorbinske kiseline pruža specifičnu zaštitu tkiva od oksidacijskih oštećenja uzrokovanih supkroničnim izlaganjem arsenu

Novotvorina na vjeđi bijelog tigra (Panthera tigris) - prikaz slučaja.

An 18-year-old captive white tiger (Panthera tigris) was evaluated for a progressive growth on the lower eyelid that showed ulceration and mucoid to purulent discharge. The growth was surgically excised and histopathological examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The growth however showed recurrence at 28 days after excision. Further management was done employing 2 stage chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) with different regimens. The blood profile, food intake and general health of the animal showed improvement after first course of chemotherapy though it was not evident after second chemotherapy. The animal survived for three months following second course of chemotherapy. Post mortem findings revealed metastasis in lungs, liver and lymph nodes. The present case is an attempt to document squamous cell carcinoma in a white tiger.Bijeli tigar (Panthera tigris) držan u zatočeništvu, u dobi od 18 godina, pretražen je zbog progresivne izrasline na lijevoj vjeđi na kojoj je ujedno zapažena ulceracija i sluzavi do gnojni iscjedak. Izraslina je bila kirurški uklonjena, a patohistološkom pretragom dijagnosticiran je karcinom skvamoznih stanica. Izraslina je recidivirala 28 dana nakon odstranjivanja. Daljnje liječenje sastojalo se od dvije kure kemoterapije ciklofosfamidom (50 mg/kg) s različitim protokolom. Krvna slika, uzimanje hrane i opće zdravstveno stanje životinje poboljšalo se nakon prvog postupka kemoterapije. Poboljšanje nije bilo primijećeno nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Životinja je živjela još tri mjeseca nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Post mortem su bile dokazane metastaze u plućima, jetri i limfnim čvorovima

Novotvorina na vjeđi bijelog tigra (Panthera tigris) - prikaz slučaja.

An 18-year-old captive white tiger (Panthera tigris) was evaluated for a progressive growth on the lower eyelid that showed ulceration and mucoid to purulent discharge. The growth was surgically excised and histopathological examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The growth however showed recurrence at 28 days after excision. Further management was done employing 2 stage chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) with different regimens. The blood profile, food intake and general health of the animal showed improvement after first course of chemotherapy though it was not evident after second chemotherapy. The animal survived for three months following second course of chemotherapy. Post mortem findings revealed metastasis in lungs, liver and lymph nodes. The present case is an attempt to document squamous cell carcinoma in a white tiger.Bijeli tigar (Panthera tigris) držan u zatočeništvu, u dobi od 18 godina, pretražen je zbog progresivne izrasline na lijevoj vjeđi na kojoj je ujedno zapažena ulceracija i sluzavi do gnojni iscjedak. Izraslina je bila kirurški uklonjena, a patohistološkom pretragom dijagnosticiran je karcinom skvamoznih stanica. Izraslina je recidivirala 28 dana nakon odstranjivanja. Daljnje liječenje sastojalo se od dvije kure kemoterapije ciklofosfamidom (50 mg/kg) s različitim protokolom. Krvna slika, uzimanje hrane i opće zdravstveno stanje životinje poboljšalo se nakon prvog postupka kemoterapije. Poboljšanje nije bilo primijećeno nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Životinja je živjela još tri mjeseca nakon druge kure kemoterapije. Post mortem su bile dokazane metastaze u plućima, jetri i limfnim čvorovima

Kliničko-biokemijske promjene u bivola hranjenih samo suhom krmom.

The clinical signs of inappetance, poor body condition, pityriasis and decubital skin lesions in 22 stall-fed buffaloes of 18 to 20 months of age warranted the present clinical investigation. The animals were clinically examined and history was collected on feeding and management conditions. The animals had been held on wheat straw based diet supplemented with 0.5 to 0.8 kg concentrate (devoid of vitamin premix) without access to green forage for the last seven months. Six animals had skin sloughing, rough coat, abrasion and two buffaloes were on sternal recumbency and were unable to get up. Blood samples were collected by jugular venepuncture from eight randomly selected from the 22 affected buffaloes, with varying degrees of clinical signs, and from five control buffaloes of a similar age group, who were provided with ad lib green fodder to serve as control. Serum samples were analyzed for blood glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorous. Aspartate animo-transferase (AST) and alanine amino-transferase (ALT) activities were significantly (P<0.01) lower in serum from affected animals, indicating reduced hepatic function. Alkaline phosphatase activities (AP), along with serum cholesterol level were also significantly (P<0.05) lower in zero-green fed animals compared to the controls. Blood copper and zinc concentrations were statistically comparable in both the groups, but the mean values for cobalt and iron were significantly lower in affected animals. Mean plasma level of vitamin A, ß-carotene and α-tocopherol was significantly (P<0.01) lower in affected animals than in the controls. This is the first report documenting the combined deficiency of vitamin A and its precursor ß- carotene along with α-tocopherol, and the affected animals had reduced hepatic function. The present investigation strongly suggests provision of green fodder or supplementation of vitamins in the diet of buffaloes to avoid poor health and clinical signs associated with deficiency.U 22 stajski hranjena bivola, čija se dob kretala između 18 do 20 mjeseci, zabilježeni su klinički znakovi gubitka apetita, opadanja kondicije, te suhog ljuštenja i dekubitalnih oštećenja kože. Životinje su klinički pregledane i prikupljeni su podatci vezani za hranidbu i uvjete držanja. Osnovu obroka činila je pšenična slama kojoj je dodavano od 0,5 do 0,8 kg koncentrata (bez vitaminskoga premiksa). Bivolima je uskraćena mogućnost pristupa svježoj zelenoj krmi tijekom posljednjih sedam mjeseci. Šest životinja imalo je grubu kožu s pojavama ljuštenja i guljenja, a u dva bivola utvrđeno je ležanje na prsima s nemogućnošću ustajanja. Uzorci krvi iz jugularne vene prikupljeni su od 8 slučajno odabranih bivola zahvaćenih različitim stupnjem kliničkih promjena, te od 5 bivola koji su bili u približno istoj dobi i poslužili su kao kontrolna skupina hranjena svježom zelenom krmom po volji. U uzorcima seruma analizirani su glukoza, ukupni protein, albumin, mokraćevina, mokraćna kiselina, kreatinin, kalcij i fosfor. Aktivnosti aspartat amino-transferaze (AST) i alanin amino-transferaze (ALT) bile su značajno (P<0,01) niže u serumu životinja sa zahvaćenim promjenama što upućuje na smanjenu funkciju jetara. Aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (AP), zajedno s razinom serumskog kolesterola, bila je također značajno (P<0,05) snižena u životinja hranjenih suhom krmom u usporedbi sa životinjama kontrolne skupine. Koncentracije bakra i cinka u krvi bivola obje skupine bile su slične, a srednje vrijednosti za kobalt i željezo bile su značajno snižene u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama. Srednja razina vitamina A, β-karotena i α-tokoferola bila je značajno (P<0,01) niža u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama u odnosu na životinje u kontrolnoj skupini. Ovo je prvo izvješće koje potvrđuje da udruženi nedostatak vitamina A i njegova prekusora β-karotena, zajedno s nedostatkom α-tokoferola, u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama dovode do smanjene funkcije jetara. Kako bi se izbjeglo slabljenje zdravlja i pojave kliničkih znakova povezanih s navedenim deficijencijama, predlaže se u krmni obrok bivola dodavati svježu zelenu krmu ili vitamine

Interferon Alpha Characterization and Its Comparative Expression in PBM Cells of Capra hircus and Antelope cervicapra Cultured in the Presence of TLR9 Agonist

TLR9 plays pivotal role in innate immune responses through upregulation of costimulatory molecules and induction of proinflammatory cytokines like type I interferons including interferon alpha (IFNA). The present study characterized IFNA cDNA and predicted protein sequences in goat and black buck. Response of the PBM cells to TLR9 agonist CpG ODN C and Phorbol Myristate Acetate (PMA) was evaluated by realtime PCR. IFNA coding sequences were amplified from leukocyte cDNA and cloned in pGEMT-easy vector for nucleotide sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed 570 bp, IFNA ORF encoding 189 amino acids in goat and black buck. Black buck and goat IFNA has 92.1% to 94.7% and 93% to 95.6% similarity at nucleotide level, 86.3% to 89.5% and 70.9% to 91.6% identity at amino acid level with other ruminants, respectively. Nonsynonymous substitutions exceeding synonymous substitutions indicated IFNA evolved through positive selection among ruminants. In spite of lower total leukocyte count, the innate immune cells like monocytes and neutrophils were more in black buck compared to goat. In addition, CpG ODN C-stimulated PBM cells revealed raised IFNA transcript in black buck than goat. These findings indicate sturdy genetically governed immune system in wild antelope black buck compared to domestic ruminant goat

Kliničko-biokemijske promjene u bivola hranjenih samo suhom krmom.

The clinical signs of inappetance, poor body condition, pityriasis and decubital skin lesions in 22 stall-fed buffaloes of 18 to 20 months of age warranted the present clinical investigation. The animals were clinically examined and history was collected on feeding and management conditions. The animals had been held on wheat straw based diet supplemented with 0.5 to 0.8 kg concentrate (devoid of vitamin premix) without access to green forage for the last seven months. Six animals had skin sloughing, rough coat, abrasion and two buffaloes were on sternal recumbency and were unable to get up. Blood samples were collected by jugular venepuncture from eight randomly selected from the 22 affected buffaloes, with varying degrees of clinical signs, and from five control buffaloes of a similar age group, who were provided with ad lib green fodder to serve as control. Serum samples were analyzed for blood glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, and phosphorous. Aspartate animo-transferase (AST) and alanine amino-transferase (ALT) activities were significantly (P<0.01) lower in serum from affected animals, indicating reduced hepatic function. Alkaline phosphatase activities (AP), along with serum cholesterol level were also significantly (P<0.05) lower in zero-green fed animals compared to the controls. Blood copper and zinc concentrations were statistically comparable in both the groups, but the mean values for cobalt and iron were significantly lower in affected animals. Mean plasma level of vitamin A, ß-carotene and α-tocopherol was significantly (P<0.01) lower in affected animals than in the controls. This is the first report documenting the combined deficiency of vitamin A and its precursor ß- carotene along with α-tocopherol, and the affected animals had reduced hepatic function. The present investigation strongly suggests provision of green fodder or supplementation of vitamins in the diet of buffaloes to avoid poor health and clinical signs associated with deficiency.U 22 stajski hranjena bivola, čija se dob kretala između 18 do 20 mjeseci, zabilježeni su klinički znakovi gubitka apetita, opadanja kondicije, te suhog ljuštenja i dekubitalnih oštećenja kože. Životinje su klinički pregledane i prikupljeni su podatci vezani za hranidbu i uvjete držanja. Osnovu obroka činila je pšenična slama kojoj je dodavano od 0,5 do 0,8 kg koncentrata (bez vitaminskoga premiksa). Bivolima je uskraćena mogućnost pristupa svježoj zelenoj krmi tijekom posljednjih sedam mjeseci. Šest životinja imalo je grubu kožu s pojavama ljuštenja i guljenja, a u dva bivola utvrđeno je ležanje na prsima s nemogućnošću ustajanja. Uzorci krvi iz jugularne vene prikupljeni su od 8 slučajno odabranih bivola zahvaćenih različitim stupnjem kliničkih promjena, te od 5 bivola koji su bili u približno istoj dobi i poslužili su kao kontrolna skupina hranjena svježom zelenom krmom po volji. U uzorcima seruma analizirani su glukoza, ukupni protein, albumin, mokraćevina, mokraćna kiselina, kreatinin, kalcij i fosfor. Aktivnosti aspartat amino-transferaze (AST) i alanin amino-transferaze (ALT) bile su značajno (P<0,01) niže u serumu životinja sa zahvaćenim promjenama što upućuje na smanjenu funkciju jetara. Aktivnost alkalne fosfataze (AP), zajedno s razinom serumskog kolesterola, bila je također značajno (P<0,05) snižena u životinja hranjenih suhom krmom u usporedbi sa životinjama kontrolne skupine. Koncentracije bakra i cinka u krvi bivola obje skupine bile su slične, a srednje vrijednosti za kobalt i željezo bile su značajno snižene u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama. Srednja razina vitamina A, β-karotena i α-tokoferola bila je značajno (P<0,01) niža u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama u odnosu na životinje u kontrolnoj skupini. Ovo je prvo izvješće koje potvrđuje da udruženi nedostatak vitamina A i njegova prekusora β-karotena, zajedno s nedostatkom α-tokoferola, u životinja zahvaćenih promjenama dovode do smanjene funkcije jetara. Kako bi se izbjeglo slabljenje zdravlja i pojave kliničkih znakova povezanih s navedenim deficijencijama, predlaže se u krmni obrok bivola dodavati svježu zelenu krmu ili vitamine

Effectiveness of Action in India to Reduce Exposure of Gyps Vultures to the Toxic Veterinary Drug Diclofenac

Contamination of their carrion food supply with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has caused rapid population declines across the Indian subcontinent of three species of Gyps vultures endemic to South Asia. The governments of India, Pakistan and Nepal took action in 2006 to prevent the veterinary use of diclofenac on domesticated livestock, the route by which contamination occurs. We analyse data from three surveys of the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac residues in carcasses of domesticated ungulates in India, carried out before and after the implementation of a ban on veterinary use. There was little change in the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac between a survey before the ban and one conducted soon after its implementation, with the percentage of carcasses containing diclofenac in these surveys estimated at 10.8 and 10.7%, respectively. However, both the prevalence and concentration of diclofenac had fallen markedly 7–31 months after the implementation of the ban, with the true prevalence in this third survey estimated at 6.5%. Modelling of the impact of this reduction in diclofenac on the expected rate of decline of the oriental white-backed vulture (Gyps bengalensis) in India indicates that the decline rate has decreased to 40% of the rate before the ban, but is still likely to be rapid (about 18% year−1). Hence, further efforts to remove diclofenac from vulture food are still needed if the future recovery or successful reintroduction of vultures is to be feasible

Removing the Threat of Diclofenac to Critically Endangered Asian Vultures

Veterinary use of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug diclofenac in South Asia has resulted in the collapse of populations of three vulture species of the genusGyps to the most severe category of global extinction risk. Vultures are exposed to diclofenac when scavenging on livestock treated with the drug shortly before death. Diclofenac causes kidney damage, increased serum uric acid concentrations, visceral gout, and death. Concern about this issue led the Indian Government to announce its intention to ban the veterinary use of diclofenac by September 2005. Implementation of a ban is still in progress late in 2005, and to facilitate this we sought potential alternative NSAIDs by obtaining information from captive bird collections worldwide. We found that the NSAID meloxicam had been administered to 35 captiveGyps vultures with no apparent ill effects. We then undertook a phased programme of safety testing of meloxicam on the African white-backed vultureGyps africanus, which we had previously established to be as susceptible to diclofenac poisoning as the endangered AsianGyps vultures. We estimated the likely maximum level of exposure (MLE) of wild vultures and dosed birds by gavage (oral administration) with increasing quantities of the drug until the likely MLE was exceeded in a sample of 40G. africanus. Subsequently, sixG. africanus were fed tissues from cattle which had been treated with a higher than standard veterinary course of meloxicam prior to death. In the final phase, ten Asian vultures of two of the endangered species(Gyps bengalensis,Gyps indicus) were dosed with meloxicam by gavage; five of them at more than the likely MLE dosage. All meloxicam-treated birds survived all treatments, and none suffered any obvious clinical effects. Serum uric acid concentrations remained within the normal limits throughout, and were significantly lower than those from birds treated with diclofenac in other studies. We conclude that meloxicam is of low toxicity toGyps vultures and that its use in place of diclofenac would reduce vulture mortality substantially in the Indian subcontinent. Meloxicam is already available for veterinary use in India