Sublethal Heavy Metal Stress Stimulates Innate Immunity in Tomato

Effect of sublethal heavy metal stress as plant biotic elicitor for triggering innate immunity in tomato plant was investigated. Copper in in vivo condition induced accumulation of defense enzymes like peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and β-1,3 glucanase along with higher accumulation of total phenol, antioxidative enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), and total chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the treatment also induced nitric oxide (NO) production which was confirmed by realtime visualization of NO burst using a fluorescent probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA) and spectrophotometric analysis. The result suggested that the sublethal dose of heavy metal can induce an array of plant defense responses that lead to the improvement of innate immunity in plants

In Silico Molecular Modeling and Structural Analysis of Peroxidase Enzymes from five different plants species

ABSTRACT Upon attacked by pathogens, plants defend themselves by producing array of defense related molecules. Plant peroxidase enzymes are about 300-350 residue long and have multiple isoenzymes that differ in substrate specificity and localization within the plant. In this study, 3D structure of peroxidase enzymes from five different plants was predicted by homology modeling method. The quality of the 3D structure of the model was confirmed by various web based validation programs. When compared secondary and tertiary structure of the model, it showed two peroxidase signature domains (PEROXIDASE_1 and PEROXIDASE_2) are present in the central region. Degree of sequence conserveness showed that sequence size differences do not make any impact on their basic functions

Development and Assessment of a Fish Feed to Assist in Aquaculture Nutrition Management

Abstract: The concept of Synbiotics was implemented to aquaculture feed formulation. Probiotic bacteria were isolated from the locally available confectionary sweetened food. The isolates were characterized through classical biochemical and microbiological techniques to identify them into the group of Lactobacillaceae. Further in the most potent isolate, an antibiotic molecular marker was developed through spontaneous mutation. Mass cultivation of freshwater Spirulina was after isolation and purification. Both were subjected to standardization of mass cultivation and harvesting of biomass. A globulated feed was formulated and fed to aquarium maintained catfish. A conclusion was drawn on the beneficial roles of such Synbiotic culture in Aquaculture nutrition management

Introducing a novel mushroom from mycophagy community with emphasis on biomedical potency.

Mushrooms have been prized by humankind as medicine and culinary wonder since antiquity. Though several species are ethnically valued; many prospective species are still being discovered. One such wild macrofungus has recently been discovered during subsequent field surveys in West Bengal, India which in turn exposed as a traditionally consumed popular myco-food. The collected taxon was found to be unique with regard to its morphological as well as genetical features. After detailed characterizations, the fungus was identified as a novel taxon belonging to the genus Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota). Besides, the investigation was further extended in search of new functional ingredients and in this context, a water soluble crude polysaccharide rich extract (Rusalan) was isolated from dried basidiocarps. Accumulating evidences from GC-MS, HPTLC, FT-IR along with several spectrophotometric methods postulated that the fraction consisted mainly of carbohydrate in triple helical conformation, where glucose was the major monosaccharide mostly with β-type glycosidic linkage. Conversely, Rusalan showed pronounced antioxidant activity in six in vitro assay systems with EC50 value ranging from 190-1328 μg/ml concentration. The crude polysaccharide was also evaluated against six bacterial strains using microdilution method and the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were found to be inhibited effectively. In addition, immune-stimulatory assays demonstrated that Rusalan could evidently promote proliferation, induce phagocytosis, release NO, produce intracellular ROS and upregulate mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, as well as IL-6 genes in in mouse macrophage cells. Therefore, aim of the present study was not only to describe a new taxon to the world mycoflora but also to introduce a potent therapeutic agent that could be explored for food and pharmaceutical purposes. However, isolation of active component and in vivo studies need to be designed further

sj-docx-1-pie-10.1177_09544089221128472 - Supplemental material for Thermophysical and transient heat transfer characteristics of aqueous SiO₂ nanofluid in energy management applications

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pie-10.1177_09544089221128472 for Thermophysical and transient heat transfer characteristics of aqueous SiO2 nanofluid in energy management applications by Sayantan Mukherjee, Smita Rani Panda, Purna Chandra Mishra, Swarnendu Sen and Paritosh Chaudhuri in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering</p

Analysis of mechanism of action by crude polysaccharide, Rusalan, isolated from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i> in Raw 264.7 cells.

<p>(A) Total RNA was isolated from macrophage cells after 24 h incubation either with LPS (5 μg/ml concentration) or Rusalan (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml concentration) along with untreated cells. cDNA was prepared from respective RNA samples and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was performed to analyse the expression of four different genes where β-Actin was considered as a house keeping gene. Further, the band intensities were quantified by ImageJ software to signify increase in transcription level of corresponding genes in relation (%) to control: (B) COX-2, (C) iNOS, (D) IL-6 (E) TNF-α. Values were represented as mean ± standard deviation of two independent experiments. (*<i>p</i>,0.05, **<i>p</i>,0.01, ***<i>p</i>,0.001, unpaired t-test).</p

Chemical characterization of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i>, (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3).

<p>Chemical characterization of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i>, (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3).</p

Antioxidant activity of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan, isolated from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i>.

<p>The results are presented in EC₅₀ values (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3) corresponding to 50% of antioxidant activity or 0.5 of absorbance for reducing power assay. BHA was used as standard in superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging methods. Ascorbic acid was considered as standard in reducing power and total antioxidant capacity assays, while EDTA was adopted as a positive control in chelating ability of ferrous ion method. In each row, different letters mean significant differences between sample and standard (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Structural and molecular characterization of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan, isolated from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i>.

<p>(A) Changes in absorption maximum of Congo red-polysaccharide complex at various concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution (B) FT-IR spectra (C) Identification of monosaccharides in hydrolysed polysaccharides by HPTLC. Lanes: 1: L-arabinose, 2: D-fructose, 3: D-fucose, 4: D-galactose, 5: Rusalan, 6: D-glucose, 7: D-mannose, 8: D-rhamnose, 9: D-xylose (D) GC-MS chromatogram of derivatized Rusalan (Retention time of D-mannose: 16.6 min, D-glucose: 16.7 min, D-galactose: 16.8 min).</p

Antibacterial activity of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan, isolated from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i> as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3).

<p>Antibacterial activity of crude polysaccharide, Rusalan, isolated from <i>Russula alatoreticula</i> as determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (mean ± standard deviation; n = 3).</p