Transgenerational Entrepreneurship

Family business scholars have mainly focused on understanding how traditions and preservation of family involvement affects business. Entrepreneurship scholars’ main interest lies in discovering motivations and consequences of creating new ventures and ideas (Nordqvist et al., 2010). To understand the relationship between family businesses and entrepreneurship it is first important to understand how specific elements involved in family businesses research affect the ability of a business to act entrepreneurially. Family businesses are different than non-family businesses because of their tendency to be led by values of stewardship and socio-economic-wealth. The tight-knit relationships between members of family businesses and their efforts to preserve family ownership also have unique effects on performance and growth (Chua et al., 1999). Although the two fields have only recently come together, it is possible to examine the existing, varying scholarly opinions about entrepreneurial abilities of family firms through the lens of entrepreneurial orientation theory. This paper will build on existing research about individual entrepreneurial orientation in multi-generational family businesses analyzing surveys taken by 10 individuals from 5 different businesses about the familial elements of their business as well as their personal capacity for self-efficacy, networking, innovation, proactivity, and risk-taking. Results of the survey show a general aversion to risk, a correlation between proactiveness in individuals an family business elements, changes in networking preferences between generations, and a notable relationship between business longevity, IEO, and family business elements. On the whole, IEO still needs to be researched under many different, isolated family business contexts. But there is evidence family business elements have a positive affect IEO

Islamic Studies Library: Growth and Evolution

The Islamic Studies Library (ISL) was founded in 1952 in conjunction with the Institute of Islamic Studies (IIS). The founder, Dr. Wilfred Cantwell Smith, persuaded Principal F. Cyril James in 1951 that the study of Islam at McGill University was a worthwhile pursuit. From 1952 to the present, the ISL has grown from a modest 250 books to a collection of over 150, 000 volumes. The Library works to highlight and illustrate the breadth of Islamic civilization. This paper examines the ISL’s growth and evolution in its 60 years of existence.ResuméLa Bibliothèque d’études islamiques (BEI) fut fondée en 1952 en conjonction avec l’Institut d’études islamiques (IEI). Le fondateur, le docteur Wilfred Cantwell Smith, a persuadé le Principal F. Cyril James en 1951 qu’il serait souhaitable que les études islamiques deviennent un domaine d’activité à l’Université. Dotée en 1952 d’une modeste collection de 250 livres, la BEI possède aujourd’hui plus de 150 000 volumes. La Bibliothèque vise à mettre en relief et à illustrer l’ampleur de la civilisation islamique. Cet article examine la croissance et l’évolution de la BEI au cours de ses 60 années d’existance

Electrochemiluminescence of Thienyltriazoles, Iridium Complexes, Au25 Clusters and PbS Nanoparticles

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence or electrochemiluminescence (ECL), produces light in the vicinity of a working electrode by the excited species of a luminophore formed via electron transfer between radical cations and anions, which are electrogenerated. In order for the ECL system to be efficient, the radicals must be stable in solution. This can be enhanced by adding co-reactants such as benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) that produce strong oxidizing or reducing radicals upon redox reactions. ECL pairs electrochemical and spectroscopic methods and is a powerful analytical technique that is highly sensitive and selective. A comprehensive, mechanistic study of ECL generation via annihilation and co-reactant paths has been completed for modified deoxycytidine (dC) nucleosides, thienyltriazole ligands, metal complexes containing iridium(III) and ruthenium(II), Au25 clusters, and boron-dipyrromethene (BDY) capped PbS nanoparticles (NPs). Spooling ECL spectroscopy was developed during this thesis work, and was used to future understand sophisticated mechanisms for ECL generation, tuning and controlling. Specifically, the electrochemistry and spectroscopy of four modified dC nucleosides were studied to correlate their electronic structures with blue ECL. Four thienyltriazole ligands were synthesized and their electrochemical properties were analyzed and relative efficiencies determined. Eight iridium(III) complexes, four containing aryltriazole cyclometalled ligands, were found to show bright ECL while three iridium(III) complexes containing two dimethylamino substituents on the 2,2\u27-bipyridine ligand displayed self-enhancing ECL intensity up to 16 times with multiple excited states for light emission. A soft salt containing Ir(III) Ru(II) Ir(III) complexes demonstrated electronic communication between the [Ru]2+ and [Ir]- moieties thus reducing the energy required to produce ECL. Au25 clusters were discovered to emit in the near-infrared (NIR) region in both annihilation and co-reactant paths. Co-reactant BPO resulted in multiple strong excited states and the ECL mechanisms were elucidated using our newly developed spooling ECL spectroscopy. And lastly, BDY-capped PbS NPs were interrogated in the generation of both visible and NIR ECL via annihilation and co-reactant routes

Outcomes of Prenatal Vitamin Use

Prenatal vitamins can be very important for fetal development and affect long term health outcomes for the child. Specific vitamins in prenatal vitamins include calcium, vitamin D, iron, vitamin C and folic acid. Several barriers exist regarding use of prenatal vitamins including access, education, and health barriers. Not taking prenatal vitamins can affect the growth and development of the fetus and also contribute to birth defects such as neural tube defects. This information was found through literature research using Google Scholar, CINAHL and Academic Search Premier. Results discuss positive outcomes for use of prenatal vitamins especially in the first trimester and negative outcomes for non-use of prenatal vitamins, however several studies conclude that there is no significance in either direction

An analysis of navigational instruments in the Age of Exploration: 15th century to mid-17th century

During the Age of Exploration, navigation evolved from a field filled with superstition into a modern science in Portugal, Spain, and England. The most common navigation instruments utilized and their subsequent innovations are discussed. The refinement of these instruments led to increased accuracy in cartography, safer shipping, and increased trade globally in the period. In order to have the most comprehensive collection of navigation instruments, I investigated 165 shipwrecks dated between 1500 and 1700. Each of these vessels have been located, surveyed, and/or excavated in whole or in part. A comprehensive list of these vessels, compiled for the first time, has been included. This thesis analyzes navigation-related artifacts recovered from 27 of these shipwreck sites. These instruments provide the basis to develop a typology for archaeologists to more closely date these finds. The navigation instruments recovered from the wreck of LaBelle (1686) are discussed in detail. These instruments and related historical documents kept by the navigator provide a more comprehensive picture of the instruments accuracy and usefulness. This thesis particularly focuses on the nocturnal/planisphere recovered from the site. This unique instrument is one of only four known to exist worldwide and remains accurate enough to be utilized today. Analysis by a modern astronomer has been included, as well as a partial translation of the common names for constellations inscribed on the instrument. These common names provide some important insights into the received knowledge of sailors and non-academic astronomy during this period. It is hoped that this thesis will be of assistance to archaeologists working to identify, study, and appreciate navigational instruments recovered from shipwrecks. With increased documentation and closer dating, these instruments will become a more valuable portion of the archaeological record