The Relationship between Bank Growth and Profitability, Emperical Evidence from Eac: Panel Data Analysis

The study was aimed to examine the relationship between bank growth and profitability in East Africa Country (EAC) region, the study employed data from four regions using secondary panel data from Bank scope. The findings revealed that the bank growth indicators have substantial impact on profitability of the banks in EAC. In another case Kenya banks were the most efficiency among the banks in EAC, followed by Tanzania, then Uganda and the least was Rwanda. Generally, banking system has been inefficiency with the average score of 95%, implying that 5% input are waste. While the financial performance indicators have noted Uganda to be the best performer, followed by Kenya, then Tanzania and the least was Rwanda, where asset quality, management efficiency and capital adequacy influenced the profitability positively. Liquidity has negatively influenced negatively the profitability of the banks. Key words: Profitability, Growth, DEA

Demographic and Social-Economic Descriptors of Formalisation of Food Vending Business in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Food vending supports the livelihoods of many households as they depend on this business for sustenance. Recent studies uncovered overlapping empirical findings regarding factors that hinder food vending business formalization. To address this puzzle, this study determined the effect of demographic variables such as age, sex, marital status, and household size on formalization of the foods vending business in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. It also examined the social factors such as education, peer pressure, ethnicity and experience on the formalisation of food vending, in addition, economic factors such as income, tax fees, registration fees, licence fees, capital, and networking on the formalisation of food vending were studied. Lastly it determined whether prior-exposure such as attending seminars, workshop and conference to business education is associated with formalising food vending in the study area. Data were collected from 210 respondents through semi-structured questionnaire and through interview with five (5) key informants. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were employed in data analysis. The results confirm the hypothesis that age, sex, marital status, education level, experience, household size, income, working capital, peer pressure were the key descriptors of formalising of business at a p< 0.05 which we reject null hypothesis. The study concluded that Formalisation of business can be stimulated by providing education, improving access to removing cumbersome pre-condition for business formalization. The study recommends that programmes that encourage food vendors to participate in formalising business should be in place in order to overcome the income bias and micro-level interventions should deliver financial and business support services to the food vendors and small business holder to reduce informal operations. Keywords: Business formalization, socio-economic factors, demographic factors, food vendin

Effect of Ownership Structure on Financial Performance: Evidence from Listed Airlines in Africa

Objective: This study empirically examines the impact of ownership structure on the financial performance of listed airlines in Africa. Design/Methods/Approach: The research utilized quantitative techniques to collect secondary data from listed airlines over ten years (2010-2019). Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used for analysis. Findings: The results revealed that airlines with the majority of private domestic and private foreign ownership showed a significant positive effect on financial performance (ROA and ROE). In contrast, state ownership had an insignificant impact on airlines' financial performance. The study supports the property rights theory, emphasizing the importance of private ownership in airlines. Originality/Value: This study adds to the existing literature by providing evidence on how ownership structure influences financial performance in African airlines, contributing to aviation research. Practical/Policy Implication: The findings suggest that private and foreign investors should consider acquiring controlling airline stakes to enhance financial performance. Policymakers should aim to create flexible laws and regulations that attract domestic and foreign private investors to the aviation sector, potentially fostering improved management practices and policy developments

Trends in Prevalence of Advanced HIV Disease at Antiretroviral Therapy Enrollment - 10 Countries, 2004-2015.

Monitoring prevalence of advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease (i.e., CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/μL) among persons starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) is important to understand ART program outcomes, inform HIV prevention strategy, and forecast need for adjunctive therapies.*,†,§ To assess trends in prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation in 10 high-burden countries during 2004-2015, records of 694,138 ART enrollees aged ≥15 years from 797 ART facilities were analyzed. Availability of national electronic medical record systems allowed up-to-date evaluation of trends in Haiti (2004-2015), Mozambique (2004-2014), and Namibia (2004-2012), where prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation declined from 75% to 34% (p<0.001), 73% to 37% (p<0.001), and 80% to 41% (p<0.001), respectively. Significant declines in prevalence of advanced disease during 2004-2011 were observed in Nigeria, Swaziland, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe. The encouraging declines in prevalence of advanced disease at ART enrollment are likely due to scale-up of testing and treatment services and ART-eligibility guidelines encouraging earlier ART initiation. However, in 2015, approximately a third of new ART patients still initiated ART with advanced HIV disease. To reduce prevalence of advanced disease at ART initiation, adoption of World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended "treat-all" guidelines and strategies to facilitate earlier HIV testing and treatment are needed to reduce HIV-related mortality and HIV incidence

Post-harvest losses in maize store-time and marketing model perspectives in Sub-Saharan Africa

This research article was published by Academic Journals in 2019Post‒harvest losses of maize are almost half of the produced grains in Sub‒Saharan Africa. Efforts to reverse this trend are recommended. Thus, there is a prerequisite to create a post‒harvest loss resilient strategy to guide small scale maize growing farmers in Africa. In this review, critical elements underlying post‒harvest losses in Africa such as infestation by insect‒pests, microbes, rodents, poor transportation infrastructure, poor storage facilities, injudicious store‒time and unjustified marketing models have been discussed. Furthermore, we have proposed options for mitigating the post‒harvest damage by highlighting possible pathways for farmers’ friendly resilient strategies and areas needing research to eventually minimize post‒harvest losses of maize in Sub Saharan Afric

Nanomedicine: Past, present and future - A global perspective.

Research Article published by Elsevier Inc.Nanomedicine is an emerging and rapidly evolving field and includes the use of nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of a variety of diseases, as well as in regenerative medicine. In this mini-review, leaders in the field from around the globe provide a personal perspective on the development of nanomedicine. The focus lies on the translation from research to development and the innovation supply chain, as well as the current status of nanomedicine in industry. The role of academic professional societies and the importance of government funding are discussed. Nanomedicine to combat infectious diseases of poverty is highlighted along with other pertinent examples of recent breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Taken together, this review provides a unique and global perspective on the emerging field of nanomedicine

Trends in HIV & syphilis prevalence and correlates of HIV infection: results from cross-sectional surveys among women attending ante-natal clinics in Northern Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel surveillance for HIV in ante-natal clinics (ANC) remains the primary method for collecting timely trend data on HIV prevalence in most of sub-Saharan Africa. We describe prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection and trends over time in HIV prevalence among women attending ante-natal clinics (ANC) in Magu district and Mwanza city, part of Mwanza region in Northern Tanzania. HIV prevalence from ANC surveys in 2000 and 2002 was 10.5% and 10.8% respectively. In previous rounds urban residence, residential mobility, the length of time sexually active before marriage, time since marriage and age of the partner were associated with HIV infection. METHODS: A third round of HIV sentinel surveillance was conducted at ante-natal clinics in Mwanza region, Tanzania during 2006. We interviewed women attending 27 ante-natal clinics. In 15 clinics we also anonymously tested women for syphilis and HIV infection and linked these results to the questionnaire data. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 7.6% overall in 2006 and 7.4% at the 11 clinics used in previous rounds. Geographical variations in HIV prevalence, apparent in previous rounds, have largely disappeared but syphilis prevalence is still higher in rural clinics. HIV prevalence has declined in urban clinics and is stable in rural clinics. The correlates of HIV infection have changed over time. In this round older age, lower gravidity, remarriage, duration of marriage, sexual activity before marriage, long interval between last birth and pregnancy and child death were all associated with infection. CONCLUSIONS: HIV prevalence trends concur with results from a community-based cohort in the region. Correlates of HIV infection have also changed and more proximate, individual level factors are now more important, in line with the changing epidemiology of infection in this population

Prevalence and associated risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma among HIV-positive patients in a referral hospital in Northern Tanzania: a retrospective hospital-based study

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