Individuals with currently untreated mental illness: causal beliefs and readiness to seek help

Aims. Many people with mental illness do not seek professional help. Beliefs about the causes of their current health problem seem relevant for initiating treatment. Our aim was to find out to what extent the perceived causes of current untreated mental health problems determine whether a person considers herself/himself as having a mental illness, perceives need for professional help and plans to seek help in the near future. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, we examined 207 untreated persons with a depressive syndrome, all fulfilling criteria for a current mental illness as confirmed with a structured diagnostic interview (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). The sample was recruited in the community using adverts, flyers and social media. We elicited causal explanations for the present problem, depression literacy, self-identification as having a mental illness, perceived need for professional help, help-seeking intentions, severity of depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire – Depression), and whether respondents had previously sought mental healthcare. Results. Most participants fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder (n = 181, 87.4%) and/or neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (n = 120, 58.0%) according to the ICD-10. N = 94 (45.4%) participants had never received mental health treatment previously. Exploratory factor analysis of a list of 25 different causal explanations resulted in five factors: biomedical causes, person-related causes, childhood trauma, current stress and unhealthy behaviour. Attributing the present problem to biomedical causes, person-related causes, childhood trauma and stress were all associated with stronger self-identification as having a mental illness. In persons who had never received mental health treatment previously, attribution to biomedical causes was related to greater perceived need and stronger help-seeking intentions. In those with treatment experience, lower attribution to person-related causes and stress were related to greater perceived need for professional help. Conclusions. While several causal explanations are associated with self-identification as having a mental illness, only biomedical attributions seem to be related to increase perceived need and help-seeking intentions, especially in individuals with no treatment experiences. Longitudinal studies investigating causal beliefs and help-seeking are needed to find out how causal attributions guide help-seeking behaviour. From this study it seems possible that portraying professional mental health treatment as not being restricted to biomedical problems would contribute to closing the treatment gap for mental disorders

Lived experiences matter: The role of mental health professionals’ psychological crises and vulnerability in shaping their health beliefs and concepts

BackgroundMental health professionals are often affected by mental health problems and disorders. Yet, the effects of these lived experiences on their causal beliefs and health concepts have not been investigated. The current study investigates how professionals’ lived depressive experiences and their perceived vulnerability to mental illness affect their causal beliefs about mental disorders, their general concept of mental health and their specific concepts of depression and burnout.MethodsAn online survey was conducted with 218 mental health professionals from 18 psychiatric clinic departments in the German federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg, investigating their experiences with depression, self-assessed vulnerability, their causal beliefs of mental illness, their general health concept and specific illness concepts of depression and burnout. A path model was calculated to examine the relationships between these variables. Participants with and without lived experience of depression were grouped.ResultsLived experience of depression was indicated by 126 participants. For participants with no experience of depression, perceived vulnerability negatively predicted beliefs in biological causation, which positively predicted higher differentiation between depression and burnout. For participants with previous depression experiences, perceived vulnerability positively predicted beliefs in psychological and social causation. Continuum belief was predicted only in this group by the three variables of causal beliefs. Psychological and social causation was positively associated, while biological causes were negatively associated with continuum beliefs.ConclusionMental health professionals are not external to the clinical situation. Their lived experiences do matter, shaping their beliefs and concepts and, thus, possibly also their actions toward patients

Stigma as a barrier to recognizing personal mental illness and seeking help: a prospective study among untreated persons with mental illness

Background: It is unclear to what extent failure to recognize symptoms as potential sign of a mental illness is impeding service use, and how stigmatizing attitudes interfere with this process. Methods: In a prospective study, we followed a community sample of 188 currently untreated persons with mental illness (predominantly depression) over 6 months. We examined how lack of knowledge, prejudice and discrimination impacted on self-identification as having a mental illness, perceived need, intention to seek help, and help-seeking, both with respect to primary care (visiting a general practitioner, GP) and specialist care (seeing a mental health professional, MHP). Results: 67% sought professional help within 6 months. Fully saturated path models accounting for baseline depressive symptoms, previous treatment experience, age and gender showed that self-identification predicted need (beta 0.32, p<0.001), and need predicted intention (GP: beta 0.45, p<0.001; MHP: beta 0.38, p<0.001). Intention predicted service use with a MHP after 6 months (beta 0.31, p<0.01; GP: beta 0.17, p=0.093). More knowledge was associated with more self-identification (beta 0.21, p<0.01), while support for discrimination was associated with lower self-identification (beta -0.14, p<0.05). Blaming persons with mental illness for their problem was associated with lower perceived need (beta -0.16, p<0.05). Our models explained 37% of the variance of seeking help with a MHP, and 33% of help-seeking with a GP. Conclusions: Recognizing one’s own mental illness and perceiving a need for help are impaired by lack of knowledge, prejudice, and discrimination. Self-identification is a relevant first step when seeking help for mental disorders

Das Stigma von Suchterkrankungen verstehen und überwinden = Understanding and overcoming the stigma of substance use disorders

Understanding and overcoming the stigma of substance use disorders Abstract. Stigma does harm to individuals with substance use disorders (SUD), and it increases the burden of SUDs. It presents a barrier to help seeking, results in lower treatment quality and increases social and health related consequences of SUDs. This applies to both the individual, societal and economic consequences of substance use. Moreover, stigmatizing persons with addictions is an ethical problem, since it discriminates against a certain group and infringes on their human dignity. Dealing with substance use disorders without stigma is possible. Eliminating the stigma of SUDs means finding better ways to deal with SUDs and to make these ways available to everyone. Instead of devaluing, marginalizing and disciplining persons with SUD, empowerment and appreciation need to be at the core of dealing with SUD in prevention, treatment and every day life

In vivo imaging of pancreatic tumours and liver metastases using 7 Tesla MRI in a murine orthotopic pancreatic cancer model and a liver metastases model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of tumour death in the western world. However, appropriate tumour models are scarce. Here we present a syngeneic murine pancreatic cancer model using 7 Tesla MRI and evaluate its clinical relevance and applicability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>6606PDA murine pancreatic cancer cells were orthotopically injected into the pancreatic head. Liver metastases were induced through splenic injection. Animals were analyzed by MRI three and five weeks following injection. Tumours were detected using T2-weighted high resolution sequences. Tumour volumes were determined by callipers and MRI. Liver metastases were analyzed using gadolinium-EOB-DTPA and T1-weighted 3D-Flash sequences. Tumour blood flow was measured using low molecular gadobutrol and high molecular gadolinium-DTPA.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MRI handling and applicability was similar to human systems, resolution as low as 0.1 mm. After 5 weeks tumour volumes differed significantly (p < 0.01) when comparing calliper measurments (n = 5, mean 1065 mm³+/-243 mm³) with MRI (mean 918 mm³+/-193 mm³) with MRI being more precise. Histology (n = 5) confirmed MRI tumour measurements (mean size MRI 38.5 mm²+/-22.8 mm²versus 32.6 mm²+/-22.6 mm²(histology), p < 0,0004) with differences due to fixation and processing of specimens. After splenic injection all mice developed liver metastases with a mean of 8 metastases and a mean volume of 173.8 mm³+/-56.7 mm³after 5 weeks. Lymphnodes were also easily identified. Tumour accumulation of gadobutrol was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than gadolinium-DTPA. All imaging experiments could be done repeatedly to comply with the 3R-principle thus reducing the number of experimental animals.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This model permits monitoring of tumour growth and metastasis formation in longitudinal non-invasive high-resolution MR studies including using contrast agents comparable to human pancreatic cancer. This multidisciplinary environment enables radiologists, surgeons and physicians to further improve translational research and therapies of pancreatic cancer.</p

Parameter der Tumorprogression von humanen Pankreaskarzinomzellen unter Katecholaminexposition in vitro und therapierbare Effekte von chronischem Stress auf murine Pankreaskarzinome in vivo

Das Pankreaskarzinom ist die zehnthäufigste (Männer) bzw. neunthäufigste (Frauen) Tumorerkrankung in Deutschland. Aufgrund der häufig fatalen Prognose ist es gleichzeitig die vierthäufigste Krebstodesursache in Deutschland. 5 Jahre nach Diagnosestellung sind im Mittel nur noch weniger als 8 % der Betroffenen am Leben. Bei regelhaft fehlenden Frühsymptomen erfolgt die Diagnosestellung häufig in bereits fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien mit stark begrenzten therapeutischen Möglichkeiten. Da vielfältige Wechselwirkungen von chronischem Stress und beschleunigter Tumorprogression bekannt sind, könnte Stress die äußerst limitierte Prognose des Pankreaskarzinoms noch zusätzlich verschlechtern. Hierzu untersuchte die vorliegende Arbeit den Einfluss von Katecholaminen auf progressionsfördernde Veränderungen der Tumorzellbiologie von Pankreaskarzinomzelllinien in vitro. Untersucht wurden die Expression von MMP-2/-9, das Migrations- und Invasionsverhalten der Tumorzellen sowie die Auswirkungen von Katecholaminen auf das Proliferationsverhalten. Um eine mögliche Relevanz dieser Befunde in vivo zu überprüfen wurde die Tumorprogression unter chronischer Stressexposition in einem syngenen, orthotopen und immunkompetenten Tumormodell an C57BL/6N Mäusen mittels Überlebensanalysen und magnetresonanztomografischer Bildgebung untersucht. Schließlich wurde mit Propranolol in vitro und in vivo eine mögliche therapeutische Option evaluiert. Es ergaben sich vielfältige Hinweise für eine durch Stress erleichterte Tumorprogression des Pankreaskarzinoms in vivo und in vitro. Katecholamine stimulieren die Gelatinase-Aktivität, Migration, Invasion und Proliferation humaner Pankreaskarzinomzellen. Chronischer Stress führt in einem immunkompetenten Mausmodell zu erhöhter Tumorlast und verschlechterter Überlebensprognose. Diese Effekte sind zumindest partiell durch eine β-Rezeptorblockade mit Propranolol reversibel. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschreibt fatale Auswirkungen von chronischem Stress auf die Tumorprogression. Auf Hinweise zu primär- und tertiärpräventiven Effekten von Betablockern bei malignen Grunderkrankungen des Menschen könnten bald adjuvante perioperative Studien mit einer Propranololgabe nach Tumorresektion folgen.Pancreatic cancer is the 10th (men) and the 9th (women) most common cancer in Germany. Because of its generally poor prognosis it’s the 4th most common cause of cancer mortality. 5 years after the diagnosis is made, less than 8 % of patients are still alive. While early symptoms are missing, patients are often diagnosed in an advanced stage of disease with strongly limited therapeutic options. Since pleiotropic interrelations of chronic stress and an accelerated tumour progression are known, chronic stress possibly might additionally worse the already poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer. To elucidate these interrelations this study investigated effects of catecholamine-stimulation on human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Parameters included the expression and the activity of MMP-2/-9, migration, invasion and proliferation of cancer cells. Tumour progression was investigated in vivo using an orthotopic syngeneic murine model of pancreatic cancer in C57/BL/6N mice. Murine tumour progression was investigated using MRI scans and survival analysis. Finally, with the beta-blocker propranolol a potentially therapeutic drug was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Catecholamines stimulated a higher activity of MMP-2/MMP-9 as well as migration, invasion and proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. In vivo chronic stress increased murine tumour growth and reduced survival. In vivo and in vitro effects were largely reversible by the administration of propranolol. The results of this study showed deleterious effects of chronic stress on the progression of experimental pancreatic cancer. Since current evidence is pointing to beneficial effects of beta-blockers in primary and tertiary prevention, adjuvant perioperative studies using propranolol after cancer surgery might follow

Stigma in Multiple Sclerosis: The Important Role of Sense of Coherence and Its Relation to Quality of Life

Background!#!Anticipated and experienced stigma constitute important issues for patients with multiple sclerosis receiving adequate healthcare. Stigma is likely to be associated with lower quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors are unclear.!##!Methods!#!We conducted a cross-sectional survey among N = 101 patients with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a German outpatient department. Patients completed questionnaires on enacted and self-stigma (SSCI-8), sense of coherence (SOC-L9) and quality of life (MusiQol). Age, sex, disease duration, disability or extent of limitations (EDSS), cognition (SDMT), depression (BDI-II) and fatigue (FSMC) were used as covariates in linear regression and mediation models.!##!Results!#!57.3% of patients with MS reported having experienced stigmatization due to MS at least once. Fatigue (b = -0.199, p &amp;lt; 0.001), enacted stigmatization experience (b = -0.627, p = 0.010) and sense of coherence (b = 0.654, p &amp;lt; 0.001) were significant predictors for quality of life. The mediation analysis showed a partial mediation of the association between enacted stigma and quality of life by patients' sense of coherence (direct effect: b = -1.042, t = -4.021, p &amp;lt; 0.001; indirect effect: b = -0.773, CI = -1.351--0.339. The association of self-stigma with quality of life was fully mediated by sense of coherence (b = -1.579, CI = -2.954--0.669).!##!Conclusion!#!Patients with multiple sclerosis are affected by stigma, which is associated with lower quality of life. Sense of coherence is a potentially important mediator of stigma and represents a promising target to refine existing stigma interventions and improve the quality of life in these patients

Understanding the association between alcohol stigma and alcohol consumption within Europe: a cross-sectional exploratory study.

INTRODUCTION Stigma towards alcohol-related conditions is more pronounced than stigma against any other mental illness and has remained high throughout past decades. Although alcohol consumption is a known and persistent contributor to the burden of disease and interpersonal threat and may thus shape public attitudes towards consumption, no study to date has provided an overview of the prevalence of alcohol stigma and its association with (a) alcohol consumption and (b) harm attributable to alcohol across Europe. As a social reaction to thresholds of accepted use of alcohol, stigma could impact consumption, resulting in a reduced quantity or at least less harmful drinking patterns. This contribution provides an initial overview by addressing the following research questions. (i) What are the country-level prevalence rates of alcohol stigma compared across European countries? (ii) Is alcohol stigma associated with (a) alcohol consumption and (b) alcohol-attributable harm? (iii) Is there an association between alcohol stigma and alcohol consumption by type of beverage? METHODS We combined data on country-level desire for social distance towards "heavy drinkers" (European Values Survey, operationalization of "alcohol stigma") with indicators of alcohol consumption, including adult per capita consumption (APC), heavy episodic drinking, consumption by type of beverage (wine, beer, spirits), and harm attributable to alcohol, namely age-standardized disability-adjusted life years lost to alcohol consumption (AADALYs) for 28 countries. Linear regression models were applied. RESULTS (i) Social distance varied noticeably across countries (M = 62.9%, SD = 16.3%) in a range of 28.3% and 87.3%. (ii) APC was significantly positive related to social distance (β = 0.55, p = 0.004). (iii) Wine consumption was significantly negative related to social distance; the opposite was true for spirits consumption. No association was found for beer consumption. The best model fit was achieved with APC (β = 0.48, p = 0.002) and wine per capita consumption (β = -0.55, p < 0.001) explaining 57.0% (adjusted R2) of the variance in social distance. CONCLUSION Our study shows a strong relationship between country-level alcohol stigma and alcohol consumption. If stigma was to deter people from harmful alcohol consumption, it would be expected that higher levels of alcohol stigma are associated with lower levels of overall alcohol consumption or consumption of spirits in particular. Instead, stigma seems to be a reaction to harmful drinking patterns without changing these patterns for the better

Development and validity of the Value-based Stigma Inventory (VASI): a value-sensitive questionnaire for the assessment of mental health stigma

It has been hypothesized that mental illness stigma differs according to what matters most to people, and that this results in value-based differences in stigma within societies. However, there is a lack of stigma measures that account for a broad range of values, including modern and liberal values. For the development of the Value-based Stigma Inventory (VASI) a preliminary item-pool of 68 VASI-items was assembled by mental health and stigma experts. For psychometric evaluation, we tested the VASI in an online sample of the general population (n = 4983).Based on item-characteristics as well as explorative and confirmatory factor analyses, a final version of the VASI was developed, comprising 15 items and 5 subscales. The VASI shows good psychometric properties (item difficulty = 0.34 to 0.67; mean inter-item correlation r = 0.326; Cronbach's alpha = 0.879). Medium to high correlations with established stigma scales (SDS, SSMI), medium associations with instruments assessing personal values (PVQ, KSA-3) and small to no associations with a social desirability scale (KSE-G) attest to good convergent and discriminatory validity of the new instrument. Normative values for the VASI subscales are presented.The developed VASI can be used to assess public stigma of mental illness including personal stigma-relevant value orientations

Stigmatization of people with alcohol use disorders: an updated systematic review of population studies.

BACKGROUND: We summarize research on the public stigmatization of persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in comparison with other mental health conditions and embed the results into a conceptual framework of the stigma process. RESULTS: We identified 20,561 records, of which 24 met the inclusion criteria, reporting results from 16 unique studies conducted in 9 different countries. Compared to substance-unrelated mental disorders, persons with AUD were generally less likely to be considered mentally ill, while they were perceived as being more dangerous and responsible for their condition. Further, the public desire for social distance was consistently higher for people with AUD. We found no consistent differences in the public stigma toward persons with AUD in comparison with other substance use disorders. CONCLUSION: The stigmatization of persons with AUD remains comparatively high and is distinct from that of other substance-unrelated disorders