The InterLACE study: design, data harmonization and characteristics across 20 studies on women's health

The International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events (InterLACE) project is a global research collaboration that aims to advance understanding of women's reproductive health in relation to chronic disease risk by pooling individual participant data from several cohort and cross-sectional studies. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of contributing studies and to present the distribution of demographic and reproductive factors and chronic disease outcomes in InterLACE

Social Class, Social Mobility and Risk of Psychiatric Disorder - A Population-Based Longitudinal Study

<div><p>Objectives</p><p>This study explored how adult social class and social mobility between parental and own adult social class is related to psychiatric disorder.</p> <p>Material and Methods</p><p>In this prospective cohort study, over 1 million employed Swedes born in 1949-1959 were included. Information on parental class (1960) and own mid-life social class (1980 and 1990) was retrieved from the censuses and categorised as High Non-manual, Low Non-manual, High Manual, Low Manual and Self-employed. After identifying adult class, individuals were followed for psychiatric disorder by first admission of schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug dependency, affective psychosis and neurosis or personality disorder (N=24 659) from the Swedish Patient Register. We used Poisson regression analysis to estimate first admission rates of psychiatric disorder per 100 000 person-years and relative risks (RR) by adult social class (treated as a time-varying covariate). The RRs of psychiatric disorder among the Non-manual and Manual classes were also estimated by magnitude of social mobility.</p> <p>Results</p><p>The rate of psychiatric disorder was significantly higher among individuals belonging to the Low manual class as compared with the High Non-manual class. Compared to High Non-manual class, the risk for psychiatric disorder ranged from 2.07 (Low Manual class) to 1.38 (Low Non-manual class). Parental class had a minor impact on these estimates. Among the Non-manual and Manual classes, downward mobility was associated with increased risk and upward mobility with decreased risk of psychiatric disorder. In addition, downward mobility was inversely associated with the magnitude of social mobility, independent of parental class.</p> <p>Conclusions</p><p>Independently of parental social class, the risk of psychiatric disorder increases with increased downward social mobility and decreases with increased upward mobility.</p> </div

Participant characteristics by categories of the Mediterranean diet score.

1<p>The Mediterranean score includes the consumption of the following components: alcohol, vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, fish, unsaturated to saturated fat ratio, and dairy and meat products. Its value ranges from 0 to 9 with a high value corresponding to a high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern as defined in the present report.</p>2<p>Percent energy of total energy intake.</p><p><b>Abbreviations:</b> n, number of participants.</p

Relative risk (x-axis) of psychiatric disorder and two-sided 95% confidence intervals comparing different trajectories of social mobility (y-axis -3 to +3) versus subjects socially stable (stable between parent class to adult class; reference group).

<div><p>For each trajectory (-3, -2 ,..., +3) different relative risks presented for different parental class.</p> <p>Footnote: Trajectories start from high non-manual (HN-M) parental class, low non-manual (LN-M) parental class, high manual (HM) parental class, low manual (LM) parental class by upward (y-axis +1, +2 or +3) and downward mobility ( y-axis -3, -2, -1) with their corresponding RRs and 95% CIs. Subjects=798 660; psychiatric patients:19 533.</p></div

Rate of psychiatric disorder (cases per 100 000 subjects) versus age at diagnosis.

<div><p>Rate developments by adult social class at cohort entry. </p> <p>Footnote: Subjects=1 016 276; psychiatric patients: 24 659. Swedish born in 1949–1959.</p></div

Overview of the time-points at which information for the studied subjects and their parents has been retrieved.

<p>Overview of the time-points at which information for the studied subjects and their parents has been retrieved.</p

RR and 95% CI for specific breast tumor characteristics associated with a two-point increment in the Mediterranean diet score.

1<p>The same woman can be in both premenopausal and postmenopausal categories, if they were both premenopausal and postmenopausal during the follow-up period.</p>2<p>The Mediterranean score includes the consumption of the following components: alcohol, vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, fish, unsaturated to saturated fat ratio, and dairy and meat products. Its value ranges from 0 to 9 with a high value corresponding to a high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern as defined in the present report.</p>3<p>Analyses were adjusted for history of breast cancer in mother and/or sister(s), personal history of benign breast disease, smoking status, BMI, height, age at first birth and number of children, educational level, age at menarche, total energy intake, consumption of beverages, potatoes, sweets, and eggs.</p><p><b>Abbreviations:</b> ER, estrogen receptor; n, number of participants, PR, progesterone receptor; RR, relative risk.</p

RR and 95% CI for breast cancer associated with increments in the components of the Mediterranean diet score.

1<p>The increment is approximately equal to the component’s standard deviation.</p>2<p>Analyses were adjusted for history of breast cancer in mother and/or sister(s), personal history of benign breast disease, smoking status, BMI, height, age at first birth and number of children, educational level, age at menarche, total energy intake, consumption of beverages, potatoes, sweets, eggs; further to be mutually adjusted for the scores components listed in the table.</p><p><b>Abbreviations:</b> SD, standard deviation, g, grams, RR, relative risk.</p

The Validity of Self-Initiated, Event-Driven Infectious Disease Reporting in General Population Cohorts

<div><p>Background</p><p>The 2009/2010 pandemic influenza highlighted the need for valid and timely incidence data. In 2007 we started the development of a passive surveillance scheme based on passive follow-up of representative general population cohorts. Cohort members are asked to spontaneously report all instances of colds and fevers as soon as they occur for up to 9 months. Suspecting that compliance might be poor, we aimed to assess the validity of self-initiated, event-driven outcome reporting over long periods.</p><p>Methods</p><p>During two 8 week periods in 2008 and 2009, 2376 and 2514 cohort members in Stockholm County were sent one-week recall questionnaires, which served as reference method.</p><p>Results</p><p>The questionnaires were completed by 88% and 86% of the cohort members. Whilst the false positive proportion (1–specificity) in the reporting was low (upper bound of the 95% confidence interval [CI] ≤2% in each season), the false negative proportion (failure to report, 1–sensitivity) was considerable (60% [95% CI 52%–67%] in each season). Still, the resulting epidemic curves for influenza-like illness compared well with those from existing General Practitioner-based sentinel surveillance in terms of shape, timing of peak, and year-to-year variation. This suggested that the error was fairly constant.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Passive long-term surveillance through self-initiated, event-driven outcome reporting underestimates incidence rates of common upper respiratory tract infections. However, because underreporting appears predictable, simple corrections could potentially restore validity.</p></div

Epidemic curves for influenza-like illness (ILI).

<p>The curves are derived from the passive follow-up with self-initiated, event-driven outcome reporting in population-based surveillance cohorts (solid line) and adjusted for imperfect sensitivity (dashed line). The upper graph represents 2008, the lower one 2009.</p