Growth Responses of Blueberry Softwood Cuttings to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

Softwood cuttings of \u27Earlyblue\u27, \u27Spartan\u27, \u27Blueray\u27, and \u27Bluecrop\u27 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and those of the wild species Oobasunoki (Vaccinium smallii) were planted in a moisture peat moss medium and were grown in growth chambers at ambient (current atmospheric concentration) or elevated (1, 000 mg l ^1) levels of carbon dioxide from the July 16 to November 14, 2002. The experiment was finished on April 8, 2003. The carbon dioxide enrichment had a definite positive effect on the growth of blueberry softwood cuttings. The effect was manifested in improved rooting and surviving ratios, earlier root induction, longer roots, and increased branch growth. It was concluded that carbon dioxide application is a feasible means for achieving faster and efficient propagation of highbush blueberry softwood cuttings.CO_2 enrichmenthighbush blueberrypropagationsoftwood cutting

The advantages of fentanyl for the treatment of pain: Studies of pharmacological profiles and fentanyl relatedside effects

The understanding of the pharmacological profiles of fentanyl and fentanyl-related side effects seems to be critical for the management for control of pain. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the advantages for treatment with fentanyl and the side effects such as emesis and gastrointestinal transit inhibition. The results demonstrated that fentanyl produced a profound antinociception in ferrets and mice than that induced by morphine. These findings are consistent with the experiences in the clinic. Morphine with lower doses than antinociceptive doses, produced a significant increase in gastrointestinal transit inhibition. However, fentanyl produced no gastrointestinal transit inhibition unlike morphine. These findings are consistent with the clinical experiences in the use of fentanyl. The clinical studies in patients chronic cancer pain showed that transdermal therapeutic delivery system for fentanyl (TTS-fentanyl) produces less side effects such as constipation, nausea and vomiting than that induced by oral morphine. Morphine with lower doses than that used for antinociceptive assay also produced either in the number of retching or vomiting. However, fentanyl failed to produce emetic response in ferrets. These findings indicate that fentanyl produces much less emesis than that induced by morphine. Finally, we conclude that fentanyl produced potent antinociception in ferrets and mice. In addition, fentanyl produced much less side effects including emesis and constipation. These findings may provide evidence for benefit and usefulness of fentanyl for clinical frame on the management of pain treatment.Key word: fentanyl; antinociception; emesis; ferret

Effect of a selective GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen, on the opioid-induced antinociception and rewarding effect

The management of excessive adverse effects is a major clinical problem. Multiple approaches have been described to address this problem. Successful pain management with opioids required the adequate analgesia without excessive side effects. The present study was designed to investigatethe effect of a selective GABAB receptor agonist baclofen on the opioid induced antinociception and rewarding effect. In the present study, we confirmed that either morphine or fentanyl produced a dose dependent antinociceptive effect in mice using tail-flick test. The results demonstratedthat co-administration of baclofen with morphine, fentanyl or oxycodone produced the synergistic effect on antinociception in mice. In the place preference study, we found that baclofen inhibited on morphine or fentanylinduced place preference in rats. These results suggest that coadministrationof baclofen with opioids produce synergistic antinociception with less effects of place preference We propose here that co-administration of baclofen with opioids may pave the way for the new strategy for the control of pain and recommended for the adjuvant drug.Key words : opioid, place preference, rewarding effects, baclofe