Author Correction: Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

10.1038/s41467-023-36188-7NATURE COMMUNICATIONS14

Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

Although machine learning (ML) has shown promise across disciplines, out-of-sample generalizability is concerning. This is currently addressed by sharing multi-site data, but such centralization is challenging/infeasible to scale due to various limitations. Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative paradigm for accurate and generalizable ML, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here we present the largest FL study to-date, involving data from 71 sites across 6 continents, to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for the rare disease of glioblastoma, reporting the largest such dataset in the literature (n = 6, 314). We demonstrate a 33% delineation improvement for the surgically targetable tumor, and 23% for the complete tumor extent, over a publicly trained model. We anticipate our study to: 1) enable more healthcare studies informed by large diverse data, ensuring meaningful results for rare diseases and underrepresented populations, 2) facilitate further analyses for glioblastoma by releasing our consensus model, and 3) demonstrate the FL effectiveness at such scale and task-complexity as a paradigm shift for multi-site collaborations, alleviating the need for data-sharing

Federated Learning Enables Big Data for Rare Cancer Boundary Detection

Although machine learning (ML) has shown promise across disciplines, out-of-sample generalizability is concerning. This is currently addressed by sharing multi-site data, but such centralization is challenging/infeasible to scale due to various limitations. Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative paradigm for accurate and generalizable ML, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here we present the largest FL study to-date, involving data from 71 sites across 6 continents, to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for the rare disease of glioblastoma, reporting the largest such dataset in the literature (n = 6, 314). We demonstrate a 33% delineation improvement for the surgically targetable tumor, and 23% for the complete tumor extent, over a publicly trained model. We anticipate our study to: 1) enable more healthcare studies informed by large diverse data, ensuring meaningful results for rare diseases and underrepresented populations, 2) facilitate further analyses for glioblastoma by releasing our consensus model, and 3) demonstrate the FL effectiveness at such scale and task-complexity as a paradigm shift for multi-site collaborations, alleviating the need for data-sharing

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

Herpes Zoster Infection Presenting as Aseptic Meningitis and Dermatomal Rash in Immunocompetent Adult

Herpes zoster is a localized, painful, and vesicular rash involving one or adjacent dermatomes caused by varicella-zoster virus reactivation. Herpes zoster presenting as aseptic meningitis is prevalent among elderly population and people with immunocompromised status. However, it is a rare phenomenon in the young immunocompetent adult; hence, we are reporting a case of a herpes zoster infection presenting as aseptic meningitis and dermatological manifestation in a 19-year-old immunocompetent male

Adaptive-Combining-Based Hybrid FSO/RF Satellite Communication With and Without HAPS

In recent years, a growing interest has been witnessed in the usage of free space optics (FSO) link for satellite communication (SATCOM) scenarios, as it offers much higher data rates up to gigabits per second (Gbps) compared to existing radio frequency (RF) link. However, FSO links are sensitive to beam scintillation and pointing errors. In this paper, we consider a hybrid FSO/RF communication between ground station (GS) and satellite, where the RF link will act as a backup link to improve the reliability of FSO communication. In addition, we also consider high-altitude platform station (HAPS), which will act as a relay station, between GS and satellite to improve the end-to-end system performance. This has led to the development of space-air-ground integrated hybrid FSO/RF SATCOM networks. We analyse the performance of the proposed hybrid network considering an adaptive-combining-based switching scheme for both uplink and downlink scenarios with and without using HAPS as a relay station. In case of adaptive-combining-based switching scheme, the data is continuously transmitted over the FSO link, while maximal-ratio-combining (MRC) of RF and FSO links is performed when the quality of FSO link deteriorates. The performance analysis of adaptive-combining-based switching scheme in terms of outage and average symbol error rate (SER) is carried out and the same is compared with the single-link FSO SATCOM and single-threshold-based switching scheme proposed in the literature for hybrid FSO/RF SATCOM. In addition, the performance gain obtained by the proposed adaptive combining scheme over single-link FSO system for different channel conditions is also reported. Further, the asymptotic analysis is also carried out to obtain the diversity gain of the proposed system

Folic acid: The key to a healthy pregnancy – A prospective study on fetomaternal outcome

Objectives: The objective of the study is to study the fetomaternal outcome associated with folic acid deficiency in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt, and a total of 351 participants were enrolled who were fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The plasma folic acid level of the selected patients was measured in the booking visit by automated chemiluminescence assay. The cutoff levels of folic acid were taken at 8.6 ng/mL. Based on these values, the study population was divided into two groups, one with folic acid values <8.6 ng/mL and the other with values ≥8.6 ng/mL. Plasma Vitamin B12 levels were measured to check for any concurrent deficiencies. Obstetric outcomes included first- and second-trimester miscarriages, development of anemia, gestational hypertension/preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, placental abruption, and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (FGR). Furthermore, the period of gestation at delivery, fetal weights, APGAR scores at 5 min were documented. The study also considered fetal neural tube defects, intrauterine fetal demise for data collection. Collected data were analyzed statistically to find the association of the above-mentioned outcomes with levels of folic acid. Results: The rate of preterm deliveries was significantly higher in the folic acid group with levels <8.6 ng/mL (16.94%). The incidence of small for gestational age/FGR was higher in the folic acid group with levels <8.6 ng/mL (27.11%) compared to the high folic acid group with levels ≥8.6 ng/mL (13.38%). The differences in the incidence of anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia between the two groups were not statistically significant and no cases of intrauterine fetal demise or placental abruption were observed in either group. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the relative risk of low Apgar scores at 5 min between the two groups. Conclusion: The present study suggests that low folic acid levels during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as anemia, miscarriages, preterm delivery, and FGR. Therefore, adherence to nutritional recommendation of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy is essential to prevent these adverse outcomes

Impact of the activity calculation method used in transarterial radioembolization:a dosimetric comparison between 90Y-SIRSphere and 90Y-TheraSphere therapy

PURPOSE: Transarterial radioembolization is used to treat primary and secondary liver malignancies. Two commercially available drugs are utilized for the purpose. The aim of our study is to compare the radiation dose delivered to the tumor by these drugs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 86 patients (M : F - 7.6 : 1, median age=50.5 years), 46 patients were treated by Y-TheraSphere and 42 patients were treated by Y-SIRSphere. Activity administered in Y-TheraSphere and Y-SIRSphere was calculated using a modified partition model and a modified body surface area model, respectively. The radiation dose delivered by two drugs was calculated and compared in our study.RESULT: Activity administered in Y-TheraSphere was significantly higher than that of Y-SIRSphere. Hence, the radiation dose delivered to the tumor by Y-SIRSphere was significantly lower (58.4%) than that of Y-TheraSphere (P=0.000).CONCLUSION: As the radiation dose delivered by Y-SIRSphere was lower than Y-TheraSphere, we believe that the formula for Y-SIRSphere activity calculation needs to be modified so that the optimal dose can be delivered to the tumor.</p