Comparative Analysis of Prior Knowledge-Based Machine Learning Metamodels for Modeling Hybrid Copper–Graphene On-Chip Interconnects

In this article, machine learning (ML) metamodels have been developed in order to predict the per-unit-length parameters of hybrid copper–graphene on-chip interconnects based on their structural geometry and layout. ML metamodels within the context of this article include artificial neural networks, support vector machines (SVMs), and least-square SVMs. The salient feature of all these ML metamodels is that they exploit the prior knowledge of the p.u.l. parameters of the interconnects obtained from cheap empirical models to reduce the number of expensive full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulations required to extract the training data. Thus, the proposed ML metamodels are referred to as prior knowledge-based machine learning (PKBML) metamodels. The PKBML metamodels offer the same accuracy as conventional ML metamodels trained exclusively by full-wave EM solver data, but at the expense of far smaller training time costs. In this article, detailed comparative analysis of the proposed PKBML metamodels have been performed using multiple numerical examples

Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous CSF Rhinorrhoea: Results from 21 Cases

Introduction Surgery to close the skull base defect is the treatment of choice in persistent spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea with endoscopic endonasal repair being the method of choice.  This study analysed the demographics of presentation, optimal diagnostic and localisation strategies and the effectiveness of transnasal endoscopic treatment strategies  with post-operative follow-up of CSF rhinorrhoea patients in a tertiary care institution   . Materials and Methods  A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 21 CSF rhinorrhoea patients operated on between August 2014 and August 2018 and results documented. Results CSF rhinorrhoea was found most commonly in middle aged female patients in our study. HRCT PNS was capable of identifying a leak site in 66% of the cases. All patients were operated endoscopically with no major intra-operative or post-operative complications. Resolution of CSF leak occurred in 85% of cases. Conclusion CSF rhinorrhoea can be diagnosed and endoscopic repair can be effectively performed in our existing tertiary care set-ups with good results

SOFIA Observations of Far-IR Fine-structure Lines in Galaxies to Measure Metallicity

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.We present new and archival SOFIA FIFI-LS far-IR spectroscopic observations of the [O iii] 52 μm and/or the [N iii] 57 μm lines of 25 local galaxies. Including 31 other galaxies from Herschel-PACS, we discuss a local sample of 47 galaxies, including the H ii galaxies, luminous IR galaxies, low-metallicity dwarfs, and Seyfert nuclei. Analyzing the mid- to far-IR fine-structure lines of this sample, we assess the metallicity and compare it with the optical spectroscopy estimates. Using the IR, we find an O/H–N/O relation similar to that known in the optical. Conversely, we find systematically lower N/O IR abundances when compared to the optical determinations, especially at high values of N/O ($\mathrm{log}({\rm{N}}/{\rm{O}})\gt$ −0.8). We explore various hypotheses to account for this difference: (i) difference in ionization structure traced by optical (O+, N+ regions) versus IR lines (O2+, N2+ regions), (ii) contamination of diffuse ionized gas affecting the optical lines used to compute the N/O abundance, and (iii) dust obscuration affecting the optical-based determinations. However, we have not found any correlation of${\rm{\Delta }}{({\rm{N}}/{\rm{O}})={({\rm{N}}/{\rm{O}})}_{\mathrm{OPT}}-({\rm{N}}/{\rm{O}})}_{\mathrm{IR}}$ with ionization, or electron density, or optical extinction. We speculatively suggest that the accretion of metal-poor gas from the circumgalactic medium could provide an explanation for this difference because the rapid decrease of total abundances during infall is followed by a N/O ratio decrease due to the primary production of young—possibly embedded—massive stars, which are preferentially traced by the IR diagnostics, while optical diagnostics would better trace the secondary production, when both N/O and O/H abundance ratios increase. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.This work is based on observations made with the NASA/DLR Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). SOFIA is jointly operated by the Universities Space Research Association, Inc. (USRA), under NASA contract NNA17BF53C, and the Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract 50 OK 0901 to the University of Stuttgart. We thank the anonymous referee, who helped to improve this paper. J.A.F.O. and L.S. acknowledge financial support by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) under research contract 2018-31-HH0. J.A.F.O. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union—NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Facility project ICTS-MRR-2021-03-CEFCA. M.P.S. acknowledges support from the Comunidad de Madrid through the Atracción de Talento Investigador grant 2018-T1/TIC-11035 and PID2019-105423GA-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). We acknowledge financial support from the NASA/SOFIA grant USRA 07-0239.With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.Peer reviewe

The genome of the crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis, a model for animal development, regeneration, immunity and lignocellulose digestion

The amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis is a blossoming model system for studies of developmental mechanisms and more recently regeneration. We have sequenced the genome allowing annotation of all key signaling pathways, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs that will enhance ongoing functional studies. Parhyale is a member of the Malacostraca clade, which includes crustacean food crop species. We analysed the immunity related genes of Parhyale as an important comparative system for these species, where immunity related aquaculture problems have increased as farming has intensified. We also find that Parhyale and other species within Multicrustacea contain the enzyme sets necessary to perform lignocellulose digestion ('wood eating'), suggesting this ability may predate the diversification of this lineage. Our data provide an essential resource for further development of Parhyale as an experimental model. The first malacostracan genome will underpin ongoing comparative work in food crop species and research investigating lignocellulose as an energy source. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20062.00

European and multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of atopic dermatitis highlights importance of systemic immune regulation

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin condition and prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 71 associated loci. In the current study we conducted the largest AD GWAS to date (discovery N = 1,086,394, replication N = 3,604,027), combining previously reported cohorts with additional available data. We identified 81 loci (29 novel) in the European-only analysis (which all replicated in a separate European analysis) and 10 additional loci in the multi-ancestry analysis (3 novel). Eight variants from the multi-ancestry analysis replicated in at least one of the populations tested (European, Latino or African), while two may be specific to individuals of Japanese ancestry. AD loci showed enrichment for DNAse I hypersensitivity and eQTL associations in blood. At each locus we prioritised candidate genes by integrating multi-omic data. The implicated genes are predominantly in immune pathways of relevance to atopic inflammation and some offer drug repurposing opportunities.</p

Author Correction: Federated learning enables big data for rare cancer boundary detection.

10.1038/s41467-023-36188-7NATURE COMMUNICATIONS14