211 research outputs found

    Impact of depression and social support on nonadherence to antipsychotic drugs in persons with schizophrenia in Thailand

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    Sirijit Suttajit, Sutrak PilakantaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandBackground: Little is known about the effect of social support on nonadherence in persons with schizophrenia, especially in developing Asian countries where social support is considered to be imperative. Additionally, the role of depression as a mediator in the association between social support deficits and nonadherence has not been evaluated.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 75 participants at a university hospital in Thailand. Logistic regression was used to determine whether depression and a deficit in social support were associated with nonadherence, and whether depression mediated this association.Results: There were strong relationships between nonadherence and major depressive episodes (odds ratio [OR] 9.5, confidence interval [CI] 2.3–38.9), living alone (OR 21.8, CI 3.5–143.0), and dissatisfaction with support from family (OR 10.0, CI 1.9–53.1). The OR of the association between social support deficits and nonadherence decreased by nearly one half after adjusting for depression.Discussion: Depression and social support deficits were significantly associated with nonadherence in persons with schizophrenia. Depression is important in mediating the association between social support deficits and nonadherence. Enhancing social support, as well as early detection and effective intervention for depression should be emphasized in interventions to improve adherence in persons with schizophrenia.Keywords: nonadherence, schizophrenia, depression, social support, antipsychotic drug

    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļļāļāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļŠāđˆāđƒāļˆāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž: āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĨāļģāļžāļđāļ™ Analysis of Pracharath Drinking Water Policy with Health-in-All Policies Framework: A Case Study of Lamphun Province

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    āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļļāļāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļŠāđˆāđƒāļˆāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž(Health-in-All Polices; HiAP) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļąāļšāđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĨāļģāļžāļđāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 39 āļ„āļ™ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ 2562 āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒ 2563 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ HiAP āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļĩ 3 āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš āļ„āļ·āļ­1) āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ āļēāļ„āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļĄāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļ­āļēāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 2) āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ HiAP āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļąāļāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļ™āļĢāļēāļ āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ HiAP āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļļāļ™āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļšāļšāđāļĒāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ HiAP āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ HiAP āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ āļĢāļąāļāļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™ HiAP āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļ, āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļąāļ, āļ—āļļāļāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāđƒāļŠāđˆāđƒāļˆāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž, āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ°, āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžObjective: To analyze the Pracharath drinking water policy with Health-in-AllPolicies (HiAP) framework to feedback to policymakers in developing policiesthat are more health conscious. Method: This qualitative research useddocument reviews and in-depth interviews. The interview on a purposivesample of 39 civil state policy stakeholders in Lamphun province wasconducted from March 2019 to February 2020, and contents were analyzed.Results: Based on HiAP concept, the Pracharath drinking water policycomprised 3 elements. First, health dimensions were not included all sectors.Health issues were not incorporated in budget approval criteria although theproject was originated from the unclean drinking water and budget providersknew the health aspect of the drinking water. Second, opportunities for policychange to HiAP remained unclear. The state sees an opportunity to solve thedrinking water problem while simultaneously stimulating local economy.Despite an opportunity, health factors were not linked to the policy'seconomic goals, hence no chance to convert to HiAP. Third,  somestakeholders were not included and lacked participation. Health agencieswere not included in the provincial driving committees. There was a lack ofexisting ties between health offices and budgeting agencies; hence nocooperation but only some information received. Conclusion: Pracharathdrinking water policy was not HiAP oriented either health consideration,opportunities for HiAP's policy change, or stakeholder involvement.States may begin to support HiAP by directing and raising awareness,enhancing stakeholders’ potential, and promoting participation andcooperation of relevant agencies. Keywords: Pracharath policy, Pracharath drinking water, Health-in-All policies, public policy, healt

    Specific binding of okadaic acid, a new tumor promoter in mouse skin

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    AbstractThe tumor promoter okadaic acid binds specifically to a particulate as well as a cytosolic fraction of various mouse tissues, e.g., skin, brain, lung and colon. The KD value was 21.7 nM for receptors in the particulate fraction and 1.0 nM for those in the cytosolic fraction of mouse skin. The specific binding of [3H]okadaic acid to the particulate fraction of mouse skin was inhibited dose-dependently by okadaic acid, but not okaidaic acid tetramethyl ether, an inactive compound, or by other tumor promoters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin. The results suggest a new pathway of tumor promotion mediated through the okadaic acid receptor(s)

    Association of SLC1A2 and SLC17A7 polymorphisms with major depressive disorder in a Thai population

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    ÂĐ 2018B. Thaweethee et al., published by Sciendo. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disorder with high prevalence and high risk of suicide. Genetic variation of glutamate transporters may associate with MDD and suicide attempt. To evaluate polymorphisms of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 gene (SLC1A2; rs752949, rs1885343, rs4755404, and rs4354668) and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 gene (SLC17A7; rs1043558, rs2946848, and rs11669017) in patients with MDD with and without suicide attempt, and determine the association of these polymorphisms with age of onset and severity of MDD. DNA was extracted from blood taken from patients with MDD (n = 100; including nonsuicidal [n = 50] and suicidal [n = 50] subgroups) and controls (n = 100). Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. We found a significant difference in SLC17A7 rs2946848 genotype distribution between patients in the MDD and control groups (P = 0.016). Moreover, significant differences in SLC1A2 rs752949 (P = 0.022) and SLC17A7 rs2946848 (P = 0.026) genotype distributions were observed between patients in the nonsuicidal MDD and suicidal MDD groups. SLC1A2 rs1885343 A allele carriers showed significantly lower age of onset than GG genotype (P = 0.049). Furthermore, the severity of MDD indicated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score of G allele carriers of SLC1A2 rs4755404 was significantly greater than the CC genotype (P = 0.013). Polymorphisms of SLC1A2 and SLC17A7 may contribute to the risk of MDD and/or suicide attempt. An association of an SLC1A2 polymorphism with the severity of MDD was apparent

    āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āđˆāļēāļ™: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž Enriching Work Value among Hospital Pharmacists in Nan Province: A Qualitative Study

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āđˆāļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āļĨāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āđˆāļēāļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 5 āļ›āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŠāļĩāļžāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļāļŽāļēāļ„āļĄ 2561 āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2562 āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 1) āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ 2) āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļš āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļ°āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ° āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļšāļ§āļāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļļāļ›āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›: āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļēāļĢāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™, āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ, āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļąāļAbstract Objective: To explore a process that hospital pharmacists used for enriching their work value, and to describe supporting environmental contexts. Method: This qualitative research used an in-depth interview with pharmacists working in public hospitals under the Office of the Permanent Secretary for health in Nan province for at least 5 years and gaining professional recognition in either provincial or national level. Data collection was conducted between July 2018 and January 2019. Data were analyzed through interpreting and giving the meaning of qualitative data. Results: Hospital pharmacists had enriched their work value through the following processes: 1) creating a coherent work environment, 2) establishing roles of pharmacists to gain public acceptance, and 3) expanding new roles of pharmacists as a drug system manager. Outcomes of the works would exhibit as value of pharmacists’ work. Pharmacists enhanced their work values by taking responsibilities on professional works, continuous professional development, learning from work experience, having communication and co-operation skills, and having positive work attitudes. Several environmental contexts were barriers and facilitator for enriching work values. Conclusion: Pharmacists themselves are key factors in creating value of their work with supports of superiors and colleagues. Having professional work values would increase job satisfaction and work outcomes for benefits of patients, organization, and healthcare systems. Keywords: work values, pharmacist, public hospita

    Parvalbumin Promoter Methylation Altered in Major Depressive Disorder

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    Aims: To determine the extent of DNA methylation of parvalbumin gene (PVALB) promoter in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with and without suicide attempt in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: The extracted DNA from dried blood spots of MDD patients (n = 92) including non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups (n = 45 and n = 47, respectively) and age-matched control subjects (n = 95) was used for DNA methylation analysis at four CpG sites in the promoter sequence of PVALB by pyrosequencing. Results: The PVALB methylation was significantly increased at CpG2 and decreased at CpG4 in the MDD group compared to the control group, while there was no difference between non-suicidal MDD and suicidal-MDD subgroups. A significant inverse correlation of severity of MDD was indicated only for CpG4. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence of abnormalities of PVALB promoter methylation in MDD and its correlation with MDD severity indicating a role for epigenetics in this psychiatric disorder

    Methodological and economic evaluations of seven survey modes applied to health service research

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    Objective: To evaluate methodological outcomes and cost-effectiveness of seven survey modes, using a study of general public views towards pharmacy public health services. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in North West England among people aged =?18 years, using two approaches. Three interviewer-assisted modes were street, door-to-door and telephone. Four self-completion modes were single-and double-mailing to residential addresses, surveys sent to public/private business by post (postal-business), and questionnaires dropped-off at venues (drop-off). The study compared response rates, demographics and two domains ((a) actual use of and (b) willingness to use pharmacy public health services) between modes. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of different modes were assessed against the single-mailing. Key findings: Response rate varied between 5.1% (postal-business) and 34.5% (street). Respondent age, education, employment, socioeconomic and deprivation status varied between different modes. Results for domain (a) were similar for all modes. Interviewer-assisted modes resulted in more positive views on willingness to use advisory services (P < 0.05). The drop-off mode saved ?45.92 (US$72.55) per 1% increase in response rate compared to single mailing, while interviewer-assisted and double-mailing were more costly. At higher response rates, cost-savings by the drop-off mode diminished, but for other survey modes, additional costs decreased. Conclusion: Drop-off mode is cost-effective compared to the standard single mailing, but selection bias is possible. Street surveys are also an efficient method, but may carry a higher risk of social desirability bias. Mixed-modes surveys may reach wider sectors of the population. The similarity in use of services suggests all survey modes reach members of the public relevant to pharmacy researchers

    āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļ‡āļ”āļ‡ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž Perceptions on Safety Culture among Hang Dong Hospital Personnel, Chiang Mai Province: A Qualitative Study

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     āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ : āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē : āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļ āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļ‡āļ”āļ‡ āļˆ.āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 36 āļĢāļēāļĒ āļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĄāļīāļ–āļļāļ™āļēāļĒāļ™ 2562 āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē : āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļ‡āļ”āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļœāđˆāļēāļ™ 7 āļ„āļļāļ“āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°Â  āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1) āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ 2) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ 3) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ„āļīāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļˆāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļąāļĒ 4) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 5) āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ 6) āļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļžāļĨāļēāļ”āļ‹āđ‰āļģ 7) āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļģ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 3 āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļŦāļēāļ‡āļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ› : āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 7 āļ„āļļāļ“āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļģ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļąāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āđˆāļēāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢ āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡ “āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ”āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ : āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ, āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨAbstract Objectives: To explore the meaning and nature of safety culture perceived by hospital personnel, and to search for factors affecting the development of safety culture at Hang Dong Hospital, Chiang Mai Province. Method: This study was a qualitative research by in-depth interview.  Sample was 36 workers of Hang Dong Hospital selected by purposive sampling, according to their management level. We used semi-structured and open-ended questions to collect data from March to June 2019, and analyzed the data by content analysis. Results: Hospital personnel recognized safety culture through 7 characteristics; 1) sharing a common goal for safety, 2) working in accordance with the action plans for quality and safety, 3) having basic mindsets and behaviors for working with safety, 4) employing surveillance systems for preventing unsafe incidents, 5) working as a team for safety environment, 6) accepting an error and preventing repeated errors, and 7) having process for knowledge transferring in safety management. Factors contributing to the development of a safety culture included leadership, organizational management, and personal factors. These three set of factors supported the development of safe behavior among personnel at Hang Dong Hospital. Conclusion: An organization develops the seven characteristics of a safety culture by integrating leadership, organizational management, and personal factors together. This combination affects personal value, which will form a safe working behavior, resulting in the organization of "safety culture." Keywords: safety culture, patient safety, hospital quality assuranc
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