Rancangan Dasar Gasifier Batubara Sirkulasi Unggun Mengambang Untuk Membangkitkan Listrik 1 Mw

There are 3 choices in accommodating power station facility which have been installed to fulfill standard regulation of environmental quality which progressively tighten. Firstly, facility modification of pulverized–coal fired power plant by applying a flue–gas desulfurisation technology throw away to cost money installation of tired which can 20% of total cost development of it. Secondly, modification system of coal fired power generation become natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) can reach low emission, but fuel cost relatively high, so will influence the electricity generating cost. Third, modification system of electric generation which have been installed by utilizing a mechanism of coal gasification is most efficient and best alternative to yield an environmental friendly of electric generation combined cycle. In this paper, writer try to make a basic design of circulating fluidized–bed coal gasifier using clay catalist related on third choice which expected applicable in the next future to come replace power station system which have ended a period as well as newly even if

Anthropometry as Indicator of the Family Economic Condition

The prevalence of Indonesian population experiencing hunger reaches 20.1%.Anthropometry is considered capable to measure socio-economic conditionsbecause it is directly related to the financial purchasing power of food that affectsintake patterns. The aim of this study is to test the reliability of the familyanthropometry using Height for Age Z Score (HAZ) index and Body Mass Index ZScore (BMIZ) as indicator of the family economic condition. This cross-sectionalstudy design located in Astanajapura (Rural) and Kesambi (Urban) Subdistrict,Cirebon, West Java. The stratification sampling method was held to obtainsamples from all main family members of the selected households (1,999persons) from 405 families. Data analysis used ROC method to obtain the cut-offpoints of anthropometry index, validity test for sensitivity and specificity, andKappa test for the reliability test. The findings indicate that the family HAZanthropometry index could represent the family economic condition better thanthe BMIZ and it is reliable to become an indicator for the economic condition bothin rural and urban areas. There is a positive correlation between consumption percapita and the HAZ index where the higher the family HAZ z score is, the higherthe family consumption per capita. The method can be used to measure the poorprevalence in macro level and select the target of poor families in the micro levelusing the family HAZ anthropometry index. It is recommended to use HAZ indexto estimate prevalence of poor families within the micro level, but the processmust not include children under two years old due to the technical obstacleduring measurement and other substance factors. Further research is needed toproduce a more accurate method in using the family anthropometry as anindicator of family economic condition

A New Alternative Quac-Stick to Predict the Risk of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Malay Indonesian Women (18-49 Years)

BACKGROUND: Indicators to assess the nutritional status in women of reproductive age (WRA) in particular to identify chronic energy deficiency (CED) were still limited. Upper arm circumference (MUAC) and the Body Mass Index (BMI) had been used to assess the status of CED, but it still has its limitations. This study aimed to develop a new indicator QUAC-Stick (the ratio of MUAC to Upper Arm Length (UAL)) for the risk asesement of CED on WRA in Malay Indonesia women (18-49 years). SUBJECT AND METHODS: The cross sectional study design, used a part of data from National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 and primary collecting data among 1009 WRA aged 18-49 years (not pregnant) in Makassar and Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi Province. Analysis used the ROC to get the optimal formula and the cut off point using BMI as the gold standard. RESULTS: MUAC/UAL (named UMMI index) with a cut-off point < 4.25 to detect the risk of CED, had better validity (Sn=80% (95% CI=70.8 to 87.3 ); Sp = 84% (95% CI = 81.4 to 86.3); PPV = 35% (95% CI = 29.2 to 42.0); NPV = 97% (95% CI = 96.1 to 98.4; ROC = 82% (95% CI = 80.0 to 86.1) compared to MUAC < 23,5 with the gold standard was BMI <18.5. Prevalence of CED on WRA 9.9% (BMI <18.5); 22.4% (MUAC/UAL< 4.25). The validity of MUAC < 23.5 was good (Sn = 76%, Sp = 87.2%), but the optimal cut-off point for screening was MUAC < = 24.0 cm (Sn = 90%, Sp = 77%). The correlation (r) between MUAC-weight = 0.82; UAL-Height = 0.45; MUAC-BMI = 0.82 and MUAC/UAL to BMI = 0.80 (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The new alternative indicator was MUAC/UAL <4.25 to assess the risk of CED on WRA in Malay Indonesia women (18-49 years). Further revalidation study is needed to be able applying the indicator to the wider population. Keywords: Ratio, MUAC, Women of reproductive, CED, Arm Lengt

A New Alternative Indicator for Chronic Energy Deficiency in Women of Childbearing Age in Indonesia

Background: Indicators for assessment of nutritional status in women of childbearing age (WCA) in particular to detect the risk of chronic energy deficiency (CED) were limited. Currently, we used mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a screening tool of CED and Body Mass Index (BMI) for CED status assessment, but have some limitations. This paper aims to develop a new indicator for the risk assessment of CED on WCA in Indonesia.Methods: The design was a cross sectional study. This analysis used a part of National Basic Health Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 among 1009 WCA (18-49 years) in Makassar and Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi Province. ROC analysis was used to obtain the optimal formula and the cut off point with BMI &lt;18.5 as the gold standard.Results: The study found that the optimal formula was MUAC/√UAL &lt; 4.25 to detect a risk of CED, better validity (Sn = 80%; Sp= 84%) compared to MUAC &lt; 23,5 (Sn = 76%; Sp= 87.2 %) with the gold standard was Body Mass Index (BMI). Prevalence of CED on women of reproductive age 9.9% (BMI&lt;18.5); 22.4% (MUAC/√UAL &lt;4.25). Correlation MUAC to weightr = 0.82; UAL to height r = 0.45; MUAC to BMI r = 0.82 and ratio of MUAC/√UAL to BMI r = 0.80 (P = 0.000). Conclusion: The ratio of MUAC/√UAL &lt; 4.25 can be new alternative indicator that simple and effective for detecting CED on WCA (18-49 years) in Indonesia. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:54-9

Hipertensi dan Risiko Mild Cognitive Impairment pada Pasien Usia Lanjut

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) meningkatkan risiko penyakit Alzheimer. Tekanan darah tinggi sering didapatkan pada beberapa pasien usia lanjut yang menderita MCI. Penelitian potong lintang ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara hipertensi dan MCI pada lanjut usia (usia ≥ 60 tahun) yang dipilih secara konsekutif dari pengunjung Puskesmas Joglo-I pada 12-18 November 2012. Kuesioner Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) digunakan untuk skrining gangguan fungsi kognitif dan tekanan darah diukur dengan manual sfigmomanometer menurut prosedur standar. Analisis statistik menggunakan Generalized Linear Model. Dari 32 responden, rata-rata usia adalah 61 tahun dan sebanyak 53,1% responden adalah perempuan. Hipertensi ditemukan pada 21 orang (65,6%) dan MCI pada 21 orang (65,6%). MCI didapatkan pada 17 orang (81%) di antara 21 responden hipertensi, dan 4 orang (36%) di antara 11 responden nor- motensi. Terdapat hubungan statistik yang bermakna antara hipertensi dan MCI. Risiko mild cognitive impairment pada usia lanjut hipertensi adalah 2,2 kali lebih besar daripada mereka yang normotensi (PR = 2,2; nilai p = 0,01). Hubungan ini tetap bermakna setelah faktor usia, diabetes, dan stroke disetarakan (nilai p = 0,04). Menurunkan kasus hipertensi dapat menjadi suatu upaya mengurangi risiko MCI pada usia lanjut.Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Some geriatric patients with MCI were often identified to have high blood pressures. This cross-sectional study aimed to know association between hypertension and MCI in geriatric patients (age ≥ 60 years), con- secutively selected among people attending Joglo-I Primary Health Center between November 12-18, 2012. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaires were administered to screen for cognitive impairment, blood pressures were measured using a manual sphygmomanometer according to the standard protocols. Analyzes were done using the Generalized Linear Model procedure of 32 participants (median age: 61 years; 53.1% women), 21 respondents (65.6%) had hypertension, and 21 others (65.6%) had MCI. MCI were identified in 17 persons (81%) out of 21 respondents with hypertension, and in 4 persons (36%) out of 11 respondents with normal blood pressure. Hypertension was significantly associated with MCI. The risk that older individuals diagnosed with hyper- tension had MCI was 2.2 over that of their counterpart with normal blood pressure (PR = 2.2; p value = 0.01). This association remained significant after adjustment for age, diabetes, and stroke (p value = 0.04). Reduced hypertension may be one strategy to lower the risk of cognitive impairment among older adults

Kadar Kolesterol Total dan Tekanan Darah Orang Dewasa Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar kolesterol total dengan tekanan darah. Data dikumpulkan pada 14-21 Juni 2011, terhadap 51 subjek penelitian berusia > 30 tahun yang tidak mengonsumsi obat antihipertensi ataupun antikolesterol, dipilih secara consecutive antara pengunjung Puskesmas Kelurahan Joglo-II, Jakarta. Tekanan darah diukur dengan sfigmomanometer sesuai pedoman baku. Kadar kolesterol total darah sewaktu diukur dari sampel darah tepi dengan alat tes kolesterol. Analisis data menggunakan regresi linier, korelasi Pearson dan General Linear Model dengan koreksi Bonferroni. Pada 51 responden (nilai tengah usia 50 tahun, 70,6% perempuan), rerata kadar ko- lesterol total adalah 200 mg/dL dan rerata tekanan darah adalah 135/84 mmHg. Pada faktor perancu yang disetarakan, kadar kolesterol total yang tinggi berhubungan dengan tingginya tekanan darah sistolik (r = 0,39; nilai p = 0,005) ataupun diastolik (r = 0,43; nilai p = 0,002). Responden pada kelompok kuartil ketiga total kolesterol memiliki tekanan darah 26/11 mmHg lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan mereka pada kelompok kuartil kedua (nilai p = 0,001 dan nilai p = 0,002 berturut-turut untuk tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik). Menjaga kadar kolesterol total dalam batas normal merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mencegah hipertensi.This cross-sectional study was aimed to examine the association between total cholesterol levels and blood pressures. Data was collected on June 14-21, 2011, among 51 subjects, aged >30 years, who were taking neither antihypertensive nor anticholesterol drug, consecutively selected among peoples attending Joglo-II Sub-district Primary Health Center, Jakarta. Blood pressures were measured using a manual sphygmomanometer according to the standard protocols. Peripheral blood samples were collected and non-fasting total cholesterol were assessed using a cholesterol-test kit. Analyses were perfomed using linear regression, Pearson correlation, and General Linear Model (with Bonferroni correction). In 51 respondents (median age 50 years, 70.6% female), mean total cholesterol level was 200 mg/dL and blood pressure were 135/84 mmHg. After adjust- ment for confounding factors, higher total cholesterol levels were associat- ed with higher systolic (r = 0.39; p value = 0.005) or diastolic (r = 0.43; p value = 0.002) blood pressures. Participant in the third quartile category had blood pressures 26/11 mmHg significantly higher than that of those in the second quartile category (p value = 0,001 and p value = 0,002 for sistolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively). Maintaining total cholesterol levels within the normal limits may be one way to prevent hypertension

Interleukin-10 serum level in acute coronary syndrome patients

<p><strong>Aim</strong> To compare plasma IL-10 concentrations in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) with those in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).</p><p><strong>Methods</strong> ACS patients hospitalized in intensive coronary care unit (ICCU) of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital/Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (CMH/FMUI), Persahabatan Hospital, MMC Hospital, and Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, between May 2005 and May 2006, were included in this study. The ambulatory CAD patients were taken as comparator. The serum IL-10 level was measured by immunoassay method, and compared by using Independent Student’s t-test. To investigate whether IL-10 serum level could predict ACS, the sensitivity and specificity of this parameter towards ACS in various IL-10 serum levels were calculated as well.</p><p><strong>Results</strong> In this observational study, as many as 146 subjects were analyzed, consisting of 84 ACS patients, and 62 coronary artery disease (CAD). The IL-10 level was higher in the group of ACS patients (7.37 pg/mL + 7.81, CI 95% 5.68-9.07) than that in CAD patients (1.59 pg/mL + 1.55, CI 95% 1.2-1.98). The optimal cut-off point for serum IL-10<br />level is &gt;1.95 pg/mL, with 79.76 % sensitivity and 77.42 % specificity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> The IL-10 level was higher in the ACS patients compared to that in CAD patients. Serum IL-10 measurement is a quite superior method to distinguish acute and stable condition, eventhough it is not as good as hsCRP for the same purpose. <em><strong>(Med J Indones 2009;18:165-9)</strong></em></p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> <em>Interleukin-10, acute coronary syndrome</em></p