RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTIPE RAGUM PRESISI TANPA POROS ULIR UNTUK PENGAYAAN MATERI PRAKTIK LABORATORIUM PEMESINAN JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI SEMARANG

Mekanisme pergerakan rahang ragum dilakukan dengan memutarkan poros ulir, sehingga rahang ragum akan bergeser mendekati rahang tetap untuk menjepit atau melepas jepitan pada benda kerja. Material yang digunakan untuk pembuatan ragum  adalah  besi tuang dengan kekuatan tarik mencapai  420 N/mm2.  Pencekaman untuk benda kerja dengan  ukuran kecil harus dilakukan dengan menggunakan ragum presisi yang mudah dan cepat dioperasikan. Ragum yang ada dipasaran pada umumnya menggunakan  poros ulir untuk menggerakkan  rahang pencekamnya yang tidak praktis untuk mencekam benda kerja presisi berukuran kecil, maka sangat diperlukan adanya jenis ragum presisi dengan sistem penggerak rahang tanpa poros ulir.  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan peralatan ragum presisi tanpa poros ulir yang dapat dipasang pada berbagai mesin perkakas yang ada di Laboratorium Pemesinan Politeknik Negeri Semarang. Metode   penelitian   yang   dilakukan   adalah   perancangan   mekanisme ragum, pemilihan material, realisasi dan uji kinerja peralatan. Hasil penelitian  berupa  prototipe  ragum presisi tanpa poros ulir dengan kemampuan cekam 60x60 mm. Kedua rahang cekam ragum ini mampu memberikan tekanan sebesar 4,5 MPa. Hasil dari penelitian terapan pratama dapat digunakan untuk memperkaya materi praktik produksi pada mata kuliah praktik pemesinan yang dilengkapi dengan buku ajar di Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Semarang.Kata kunci : prototipe, ragum, presisi, poros ulir, praktik

The Profile of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Deli Serdang Hospital

Background: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy profile has been reported by many hospitals; however, there has never been from Deli Serdang hospital, North Sumatera. The aim of study was to determine the profile of upper endoscopy at Deli Serdang hospital. Method: The study was conducting retrospectively 453 patients during the period of December 2006– December 2008 at the Endoscopy Unit Department of Internal Medicine Deli Serdang hospital. Data were obtained from medical records including the age, sex, race, indications, and endoscopic diagnosis. All data were reported descriptively. Results: Out of 453 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 241 (53.20%) patients were male. The mean age was 66.3 ± 15.6. Most patients (51.88%) were between 40-59 years of age. Regarding the ethnicity, there were 30.91% Bataknese patients, 21.85% Javanese, 18.98% Karonese, 14.79% Malays, and 13.47% patients of other ethnicities. Dyspepsia was the mostly found indication, which was found in 75.94% patients. It was followed by hematemesis/melena in 15.01% patients and other indications in 6.84% patients. About 33.11% patients had normal upper gastrointestinal diagnosis; while gastritis was found in 26.93% patients, erosive gastritis in 18.98% patients, gastric/duodenal ulcer in 8.83%, and esophageal varices in 5.74% patients. Conclusion: About 453 patients have undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during 2 years period. This study shown greater number of male patients compared to female and the patients were most frequently between 40-59 years old. Normal upper gastrointestinal diagnosis was the most frequently found in this study

Diagnostic Findings and ERCP Treatment in Patients with Obstructive Jaundice During Two Years at H. Adam Malik Hospital, Medan

Background: The methods of ERCP have been used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to pass bile fluid and extract stones from the bile duct in patients with obstructive extrahepatic jaundice. Method: A retrospective study was performed on patients with obstructive extrahepatic jaundice patients who underwent ERCP during a two-years time period from January 1999 to December 2000. ERCP was performed with a premedication of 10 mg midazolam, followed by a chollangiography contrast containing 1 mg/dl of Garamicin and 25 mg of Pethidine if sphincterotomy was performed. Results: From 126 patients with obstructive extrahepatic jaundice treated with ERCP, the male to female ratio was 1.86:1. The majority of the (group) of patients were between 51-60 years of age (33.3 % ). The youngest patient (group) was 24 years and the oldest 97 years. The diagnostic study found the following cases: normal 3 cases (2.8%), bile duct stone 46 cases (43.4%), carcinoma of ampula vater 20 cases (18.9%), CBD tumor 7 cases (6.6%), carcinoma of head of pancreas 2 cases (1.9%), diverticle 4 cases (3.8%), duodenal tumor 1 case (0.9%), carcinoma of ampula vater and bile duct stone 1 case (0.9%), SOD 5 cases (4.7%), CBD stricture 1 case (0.9%) and failure 16 cases (15.1%). The patients receivied the following treatment: sphyncterotomy 36 cases (51.4%), stent application 11 cases ( 15.7%), sphincterotomy with stent 18 cases (25.7%) and basket method 5 cases (7.1%)