Pengaruh Konsentrasi Kitosan Udang dan Kepiting sebagai Edible Coating terhadap Mutu dan Daya Simpan Tomat Ceri (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme)

Tomat ceri merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi. Kehilangan hasil akibat kerusakan pascapanen tomat ceri perlu dicegah dengan penanganan pascapanen yang tepat. Salah satu metode yang dapat diaplikasikan adalah pelapisan edible coating menggunakan kitosan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan sumber dan konsentrasi kitosan yang optimal untuk mempertahankan mutu dan memperpanjang masa simpan buah tomat ceri. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sub-Laboratorium Hortikultura, Laboratorium Manajemen Produksi Tanaman, Departemen Budidaya Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian UGM pada bulan Juli-Agustus 2019. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok lengkap (RAKL) faktor tunggal dengan tiga blok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu sumber dan konsentrasi kitosan. Sumber kitosan berasal dari kepiting dan udang, masing-masing dengan konsentrasi yaitu 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5%, dan 3%. Pengamatan dilakukan pada beberapa variabel iklim mikro di ruang penelitian, beberapa indikator kualitas buah, dan masa simpan buah tomat ceri. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis varian (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) Tukey pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian memberikan informasi bahwa Aplikasi kitosan yang bersumber dari udang maupun kepiting sampai dengan konsentrasi 3% belum memberikan kontribusi yang positif terhadap mutu dan daya simpan buah tomat ceri. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan pelapisan kitosan yang bersumber dari udang maupun kepiting dengan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dari 3%

Morphological characters of root and yield of three cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in the field with dead-end trench

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a perennial crop originated from tropical regions, divided into Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario. Demand for cocoa has increased, but the productivity is still low. The increase in production could be achieved by improving crop management and using superior clones. RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22 are recommended as the superior cocoa clones. Dead-end trench can reduce erosion and surface run-off as well as improve rooting and soil organic matter sequestration. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of dead-end trench application on morphological characters of roots and yields of three cocoa clones and to determine which cocoa clone(s) performed a signifificant yield increase with the application of dead-end trench. The research was conducted in August 2018–April 2019 at Pagilaran Ltd. cocoa plantation in North Segayung Production Unit, subdistrict Tulis, Batang, Central Java. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications as block. The first factor was dead-end trench application (with and without dead-end trench application) and the second factor was cocoa clones (RCC-70, RCC-71, and KKM-22). This study showed that application of dead-end trench and clones significantly increased root fresh weight, root dry weight, seed fresh weight, and seed dry weight, but had no significant effect on fruit diameter, fruit length, root length, and root surface area. RCC-70 clone, coupled with the application of dead-end trench, resulted in the highest seed dry weight compared to RCC-71 and KKM-22 clones

Penambahan Kalsium Meningkatkan Kandungan Pektin pada Bibit Kelapa Sawit Tercekam Kekeringan (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Long drought due to climate anomalies results in physiological damage to oil palm which is characterized by frond fracture to the decreased productivity. One of the efforts to increase the resistance of oil palm to drought is through the addition of calcium. This study aimed to determine the effect of calcium on hormonal changes (as secondary messenger), the rate of photosynthesis till the content of pectin as a reinforcing component of cell walls which is expected to reduce the risk of frond fracture due to drought. The treatment was arranged in factorial 3 x 4 in the random complete block design (RCBD) split-plot. The first factor was the dose of calcium application which was 0 (control/without calcium), 0,04 g, 0,08 g, and 0,12 g. The second factor was the intensity of drought stress consisting of severe stress, moderate stress, and control/field capacity with an intensity of one week after achieving target weight. Data that fulfilled the assumptions of homogeneity and normality were then analyzed using variance analysis at a level of accuracy of 5% and continued with DMRT. The results showed that calcium can increase the resistance of oil palm seeds through increased GA content, decreased ABA content and increased photosynthetic rates in all soil moisture conditions, but varied according to the intensity of drought.Kekeringan panjang akibat anomali iklim mengakibatkan kerusakan fisiologis bagi kelapa sawit yang ditandai dengan patah pelepah hingga berujung pada penurunan produktivitas. Upaya untuk meningkatkan ketahanan kelapa sawit sawit terhadap kekeringan salah satunya melalui penambahan kalsium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh kalsium terhadap perubahan hormon (secondary messenger), laju fotosintesis hingga kandungan pektin sebagai komponen penguat dinding sel yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi resiko patah pelepah akibat kekeringan. Perlakuan disusun secara faktorial 3 x 4 dalam rancangan kelompok acak lengkap (RAKL) desain split plot. Faktor pertama adalah dosis aplikasi kalsium yaitu 0 (kontrol/tanpa kalsium), 0,04 g, 0,08 g dan 0,12g per polibag. Faktor kedua adalah intensitas cekaman kekeringan yang terdiri atas cekaman berat, cekaman moderat dan kontrol/kapasitas lapangan) dengan intensitas satu minggu sejak tercapainya bobot target. Data yang memenuhi asumsi homogenitas dan normalitas selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam pada tingkat ketelitian 5%, dan dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut DMRT. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa, kalsium dapat meningkatkan ketahanan bibit kelapa sawit melalui perubahan kandungan asam giberelin, peningkatan laju fotosintesis dan peningkatan kandungan pektin total pada kondisi kekeringan moderat hingga berat. Asam giberelin meningkat seiring bertambahnya dosis kalsium, namun peningkatan taraf kekeringan dapat menurunkan kandungannya

Pertumbuhan, Produktivitas, dan Rendemen Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Dataran Tinggi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan, produktivitas dan rendemen minyak kelapa sawit yang ditanam pada dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada empat lokasi penelitian dengan ketinggian tempat 50, 368, 693 dan 865 m dpl yang berada di wilayah Sumatera Utara. Penelitian disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok menggunakan kelapa sawit jenis tenera pada kelompok tanaman muda yang berumur 7 – 8 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran tinggi yang meliputi panjang rachis, indeks luas daun, bobot kering daun, tinggi tanaman, volume batang dan bobot kering batang memiliki nilai lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran rendah. Produktivitas tertinggi mencapai 28,5 ton TBS/ha/tahun pada penanaman kelapa sawit di ketinggian 368 m dpl. Rendemen minyak tertinggi 25,9% dicapai pada ketinggian tempat 50 m dpl. Kandungan karoten tertinggi 590,8 ppm dan nilai indeks panen tertinggi 0,39 dicapai oleh tanaman kelapa sawit di dataran rendah dengan ketinggian 368 m dpl

The improvement of microclimate and soil characteristics in cocoa-tree agroforestry patterns

Shade trees are used in agroforestry pattern for production and service aspects. Cocoa-tree agroforestry pattern is expected to improve atmospheric and rhizosphere zone in cacao plantations. However, the information related to this is still quite limited. This study was conducted using a nested design, with types of shade trees as nest. Shade trees used were Falcataria moluccana, Cocos nucifera, and Cassia spectabilis, and without shade was used as control. Variables observed were light, air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, soil texture, bulk density, permeability, and moisture content. Soil chemical properties were also observed, including organic C, pH, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B and content of available P, K, Ca, Mg, and B. The results showed that cacao agroforestry pattern using F. moluccana and C. spectabilis was able to improve the microclimate characteristics and soil fertility. However, F. moluccana showed lower soil fertility than C. spectabilis. F. moluccana and C. spectabilis shade trees were able to optimize light plants from 33 % to 34 %, and from 38 % to 39 %, respectively. F. moluccana could provide optimal air and soil temperature of 30 ⁰C to 32 ⁰C and 27 ⁰C, respectively. Meanwhile, C. spectabilis could provide optimal air and soil temperature of 29 ⁰C to 31⁰C and  26 ⁰C to 27 ⁰C, consecutively. Cocoa-tree agroforestry pattern using C. Spectabilis shade trees could optimize soil moisture content, pH, total N, and P, and availabilities of K, Ca, Mg, and B in soil

Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elais guineensis) pada Beberapa Waktu dan Arah Aplikasi Boron (B) dan Silikon (Si) Melalui Daun

Study entitled 'Growth and Drought Resistance Seed Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Multiple Time and Direction Applications Boron (B) and Silicon (Si) through Leaves' aims to study the effect of B and Si on physiological processes and growth of oil palm seedlings experiencing drought stress and get a way and timing of B and Si is effective to reduce the effect of drought on the decline of physiological processes and growth of oil palm seedlings, Has been implemented in the hamlet Bendosari Madurejo village, Prambanan subdistrict, Sleman; Laboratory of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Biology and Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT) Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta in March to December of 2012. Research using a complete randomized block design (RAKL) factorial 3 x 3 1 to 3 blocks as replications. The first factor is the way fertilization, the second factor is the time of fertilization and added a comparison (control) without any fertilization treatment. The data analyzed were obtained using Varian Analysis (ANOVA) at the level of 5%, and followed by a test of least significant difference LSD. The results showed that the uptake and increased significantly with the application and the leaves by spraying in the morning, afternoon and evening through the direction of the bottom surface, the top and bottom of leaves. However, absorption of Si is only able to increase if the source of Si fertilizer applied by spraying the leaves through a downward direction on the surface of leaves in the evening. Oil palm seedlings can be improved resistance to drought stress with an indication of the form of increasing scores lignin and suberin in roots network as well as the size of the diameter of the rod when compared with control through the application of fertilizer source of B and Si on the leaves by spraying in the morning, afternoon and evening through direction of the bottom surface, the top and bottom of leaves

Proline Activity and Growth of Oil Palm affected by Aluminium Toxicity and Silica as Ameliorant

The research aims to investigate the effects of silica (Si) as an ameliorant on the proline compound concentration and the growth response of oil palm exposed to aluminum toxicity. The research was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 8 blocks as replications. The first factor was Al toxicity which consisted of two levels as without and with Al toxicity. Al toxicity treatment was applied by giving 300 ppm of Al concentrate along with watering activity regularly. The second factor was the application of silica which consisted of four levels as 0, 32, 64 g/plant. Proline and growth activities of leaf area, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight were observed in the research. The data subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% test level. If the result of ANOVA showed significant differences among treatments, then the data would have been analyzed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% test level. The results of the research provide information that Al toxicity increases proline compound in the plant tissues and decreases leaf area, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weight of Oil Palm. Applying Si at the level of 64 g/plant could increase proline concentrate and dry weight of oil palm exposed to A1 toxicity. Proline compound in the plant tissues did not have any correlation with the growth of oil palm. Thus, this case indicated that proline was a product and not a plant tolerant mechanism of Al toxicity

Root Morphology and Growth Response of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Hybrid to Al Toxicity at Nursery

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of eight oil palm hybrids through root morphological changes and growth to aluminum (Al) toxicity. The research was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta in June 2014 - June 2015. The study was prepared in a Factorial Randomized Block Design, with three replications as block. The first factor was was addition of aluminum in two rates (0 ppm and 300 ppm). The second factor eight oil palm hybrids (Yangambi, Avros, Langkat, PPKS 239, Simalungun, PPKS 718, PPKS 540 and Dumpy). The research was conducted at nursery stage. Observed variables include total root length, total root area, root volume, root diameter, aluminum uptake in root, fractal dimension, as well as  fresh and dry root and shoot weight. The data obtained were analyzed by variant (ANOVA) at 5% level, followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to find out if there was any real difference between the treatments. Aluminum at 300 ppm can change  the morphological character of root, inhibiting root growth and biomass. All the hybrids give  the same respon  on root morphological and growth variables

Analysis of The Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Exposed by Aluminum Toxicity and Silica as an Amelioration

Aluminum (Al) contained in acidic soil could become an obstacle for plant growth. The Al toxicity could inhibit root growth, water and nutrient absorption. One of the solution to overcome Al toxicity was by applying Silica (Si). The aim of this research was to study the impacts of Al to the growth activity of oil palm and to know the effects of Si to the growth activity of oil palm contaminated by Al. The factorial treatments were arranged in a complete random design with two factors. The first factor was Al toxicity, i.e. with and without Al, while the second factor was the application of Si that consisted of four levels (0, 32, 64, 96 gram per plant). some of variables included leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf area, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth ratio (RGR), plant height, and plant dry weight were observed. The result showed that Al toxicity decreased the LAR, leaf area, NAR, RGR, plant height, and plant dry weight. The application of Si 32 gram per plant increased leaf area ratio and was not significantly different from the application of 96 gram Si per plant. However, the application of Si to oil palm contaminated with Al did not affect to relative grow rate, but its application to normal plant would increase the relative growth ratio