Study of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: Objective of the study was to measure the efficacy and safety of insulin sensitizing drug metformin in reversing the metabolic and endocrine disturbances in fifty women with polycystic ovarian disease.Methods: The study was performed on 57 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynaecology, V. S. General Hospital, Ahmedabad. Metformin 500 mg thrice daily was given until the cysts disappeared which was taken as the end point of the study. Follicular studies were done to check the effect of metformin on ovulation. Significance was tested by paired t test and p value calculated.Results: Metformin was found effective in regressing polycystic changes in ovary, regularization of menstrual cycles and improving ovulation.Conclusions: The present study shows that metformin has a beneficial role in effective management of PCOS.

Intensity fluctuations in thermal light with orthogonally polarised multiple-peak spectrum

The moment generating function of the integrated light intensity of thermal radiation having multiple peak spectrum is obtained. Cases of two-peak and three-peak spectra where different peaks are in orthogonal states of polarisation are considered. The moment generating function is shown to be the product of two simpler generating functions

Maternal outcome in pregnancy with thrombocytopenia

Background: Thrombocytopenia is second most common haematological abnormality in pregnancy after anemia. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence, causative factor of thrombocytopenia and to observe the obstetrics outcome of pregnancies complicated with thrombocytopenia.Methods: This is prospective study of maternal outcome in pregnancy with thrombocytopenia carried out at tertiary care center from February 2019 to January 2020. Out of 350 antenatal screened women, 25 women who were diagnosed with thrombocytopenia, were included in the study.Results: The incidence of maternal thrombocytopenia in this study was 7.1%. 60% of the women had mild thrombocytopenia while 24% and 16% of women were moderate and severe thrombocytopenic respectively. Amongst 25 thrombocytopenic women 68% had gestational thrombocytopenia, 24% had gestational hypertensive disorder,4% had HELLP syndrome, 4% had immune thrombocytopenic purpura. 60% were delivered vaginally and 40% were delivered by LSCS. The most common indication of LSCS was acute fetal distress (40%) followed by failed induction (30%), breech (10%), and the rest (20%) for other obstetrical indications. The most common indication for induction was pre-eclampsia followed by IUGR, and post-date.Conclusions: In pregnancy with thrombocytopenia, gestational thrombocytopenia is the commonest and benign condition which does not alter the obstetrical management. Still a vigil 4 should be kept on maternal platelet count in antenatal period to prevent unfavorable outcome in serious conditions that may require specific and urgent management (HELLP syndrome, severe pre-eclampsia, ITP)

A comparative study of single versus repeat instillation of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel for induction of labour

Background: The aim of induction was to achieve successful vaginal delivery where continuation of pregnancy is not desirable. Unfavourable cervix is one of the main causes of failed induction. Introduction of intravaginal prostaglandins E2 has revolutionised the method of cervical ripening. More than one dose of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel may be necessary to facilitate cervical ripening and increase the chances of vaginal delivery.Methods: This retrospective study was done to find the efficacy of repeat instillation of intravaginal PGE2 gel and to compare the maternal and fetal outcome between the single instillation group and repeat instillation group. The women who went into labour or achieved cervical ripening with a single instillation of PGE2 gel forms Group A. Those who required repeat instillation of PGE2 gel forms Group B. Both groups were compared for specific parameters.Results: Primigravidas required repeat instillation. Postdated pregnancy was the most common indication for induction of labour. 45.2% of primis required only single dose and 54.8% required repeat dose. About two third (77.8%) of multipara required only one dose and a third of multipara needed repeat dose. In Group A 90.7% had vaginal delivery, 9.3% had Caesarean section. Group B 95.7% had vaginal delivery and 4.3% had Caesarean section.Conclusions: Prostaglandins PGE2 (0.5 mg) gel is recommended to be used intravaginally. We applied 2 doses of intravaginal PGE2, 24 hours apart and no complications like uterine hyperstimulation was seen. There is no increased fetal risk with repeat instillation of intravaginal PGE2 gel

The Critically Endangered Forest Owlet Heteroglaux Blewitti is Nested Within the Currently Recognized Athene Clade: A Century-Old Debate Addressed

Range-restricted species generally have specific niche requirements and may often have unique evolutionary histories. Unfortunately, many of these species severely lack basic research, resulting in poor conservation strategies. The phylogenetic relationship of the Critically Endangered Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti has been the subject of a century-old debate. The current classifications based on non-phylogenetic comparisons of morphology place the small owls of Asia into three genera, namely, Athene, Glaucidium, and Heteroglaux. Based on morphological and anatomical data, H. blewitti has been alternatively hypothesized to belong within Athene, Glaucidium, or its own monotypic genus Heteroglaux. To test these competing hypotheses, we sequenced six loci (~4300 bp data) and performed phylogenetic analyses of owlets. Mitochondrial and nuclear trees were not congruent in their placement of H. blewitti. However, both mitochondrial and nuclear combined datasets showed strong statistical support with high maximum likelihood bootstrap (\u3e/ = 90) and Bayesian posterior probability values (\u3e/ = 0.98) for H. blewitti being nested in the currently recognized Athene group, but not sister to Indian A. brama. The divergence of H. blewitti from its sister taxa was between 4.3 and 5.7 Ma coinciding with a period of drastic climatic changes in the Indian subcontinent. This study presented the first genetic analysis of H. blewitti, a Critically Endangered species, and addressed the long debate on the relationships of the Athene-Heteroglaux-Glaucidium complex. We recommend further studies with more data and complete taxon sampling to understand the biogeography of Indian Athene species

Evaluating the Impact of Various Seed Priming Agents (SPAs) on Germination and Development Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

The present study has been conducted to study the effect of various primer treatments i.e., PEG (5%), PEG (10%), NaCl (2%), KCl (2%), CuSO4•5H2O (2%), NaOH (2%) and control on germination and growth of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties (var. Arka Anamika and Clemson). Growth parameters were measured at 10, 20, and 30 DAS, while germination parameters were recorded over a period of seven days. Compared to Arka Anamika, Clemson showed better germination and growth metrics, which also showed significant differences in seed priming treatments. The use of different concentrations of PEG solution for seed priming proved to be particularly effective as evidenced by the highest germination percentage (79%), speed (95.95%), energy (76%), and Vigor index (2037.94 cm). Growth parameters also showed significant differences with these treatments. Similarly, seed priming with 2% NaOH and 2% CuSO4•5H2O had the lowest results for growth and germination metrics. The results highlight how priming can significantly improve the germination and growth of okra seedlings; the Clemson and PEG solution treatments stand out as particularly successful techniques. This highlights the potential for improved okra production through the use of these priming methods

A study of feto-maternal outcome in case of premature rupture of membrane at a tertiary care center

Background: Premature rupture of membranes is the rupture of the fetal membranes in the absence of uterine contraction or before the onset of labor. When this occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, it is termed as preterm premature rupture of membranes. Management depends upon gestational age and the presence of complicating factors. An accurate assessment of gestational age and knowledge of the maternal, fetal and neonatal risks are essential to appropriate evaluation, counselling, and care of patients with PROM. The purpose of the study is timely diagnosis and appropriate management of the cases of PROM and PPROM to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Methods: A Prospective study was performed at the department of obstetrics and gynecology, at a tertiary care center from August 2020 to December 2021. A clinical data sheet was made for recording all information about the pregnant women after taking their consent. And their maternal and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: a total of 150 cases of PROM and PPROM were taken during our study out of which 53.33% belong to the younger age group, 43.33% were primi gravida, 66.66% belonged to the lower socioeconomic class, 25.33% had a previous history of abortion followed by dilatation and evacuation, rate of cesarean delivery was 34.66% and rate of NICU admission of neonates was 15.78% and 57.87% babies had low birth weight and rate of stillbirth was 1.97%. whereas 34.66% of cases had various complications related to PROM. Conclusions: Individualized management of PROM cases depending on the gestational age and risk of complications and antibiotic coverage is the best way to achieve a good fetomaternal outcome

Determination of the statistical properties of light by photodetectors with a finite dead time

The problem of obtaining the probability density of the fluctuating light intensity from the knowledge of photocounting statistics, when the detectors have a finite dead time, is considered. The integral relation for the probability of registering n photocounts in the time interval T in the presence of a dead time τ is inverted, and an expression is obtained for the probability density of the fluctuating intensity of the incident light radiation. The method is illustrated with a few specific examples

Photon counting statistics with thermal light having a multiple-peak spectrum

We consider the photon-counting statistics with polarized thermal light having arbitrary rational spectral profile. The method is illustrated for a light beam having a two-peak symmetric Lorentzian spectrum. The associated integral equation is converted into a differential equation and the eigenvalues are determined. Using the standard techniques of contour integration, an explicit expression is obtained for the generating function valid for an arbitrary value of the counting interval