Pembangunan Database Destinasi Pariwisata Indonesia dan Implementasinya pada Sistem Berbasis Web

Regarding to: (1) the increasing region\u27s need in developing tourism destinations; (2) the needs of tourists in selecting appropriate attractions according to specified criteria; (3) the need of travel businesses to offer sights of interest in accordance with the needs of potential tourists, (4) the need to deepen and continue our previous research titled "Development of Tourism Destination Media Potential and Utilizing Local Resources in the Era of Autonomy and Regional Expansion ", we need to develop a complete database of tourism destinations in Indonesia that can facilitate those needs. We build a web-based database that is capable of storing complete information about Indonesian tourism destinations in thorough, systematic, and structured way. It is also able to classify a variety of attractions based on attributes such as: location (the name of the island, province, district), type/ tourism products, how to achieve the object, cost, and a variety of informal information, such as the ins and outs of the attraction area incorporated by the local or tourist experiences. The research will focus on deepening and refinement of the model and database structure design and implementation with the collection, processing, and data entry of primary and secondary data which amounts to approximately 140 tourism destinations in Indonesia. The research is arranged in stages as follows: (1) designing models and the database structure, (2) making a web-based program, (3) installation and hosting ; (4) data collection, (5) data processing and data entry, (6) evaluation and improvement/ refinement. Once developed, the database can be used as a starting point in the development of Data Warehouse, Decision Support System, and Expert System for Indonesian tourism industry

Neurofunctional differences and similarities between persistent postural-perceptual dizziness and anxiety disorder

Introduction: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) (ICD-11) and anxiety disorders (ANX) share behavioural symptoms like anxiety, avoidance, social withdrawal, hyperarousal, or palpitation as well as neurological symptoms like vertigo, stance and gait disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown a bidirectional link between vestibulo-spatial and anxiety neural networks. So far, there have been no neuroimaging-studies comparing these groups. Objectives: The aim of this explorative study was to investigate differences and similarities of neural correlates between these two patient groups and to compare their findings with a healthy control group. Methods: 63 participants, divided in two patient groups (ANX = 20 and PPPD = 14) and two sex and age matched healthy control groups (HC-A = 16, HC-P = 13) were included. Anxiety and dizziness related pictures were shown during fMRI-measurements in a block-design in order to induce emotional responses. All subjects filled in questionnaires regarding vertigo (VSS, VHQ), anxiety (STAI), depression (BDI-II), alexithymia (TAS), and illness-perception (IPQ). After modelling the BOLD response with a standard canonical HRF, voxel-wise t-tests between conditions (emotional-negative vs neutral stimuli) were used to generate statistical contrast maps and identify relevant brain areas (pFDR 30 voxels). ROI-analyses were performed for amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus, insula, supramarginal gyrus and thalamus (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Patient groups differed from both HC groups regarding anxiety, dizziness, depression and alexithymia scores; ratings of the PPPD group and the ANX group did differ significantly only in the VSS subscale ‘vertigo and related symptoms’ (VSS-VER). The PPPD group showed increased neural responses in the vestibulo-spatial network, especially in the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and superior temporal gyrus (STG), compared to ANX and HC-P group. The PPPD group showed increased neural responses compared to the HC-P group in the anxiety network including amygdala, insula, lentiform gyrus, hippocampus, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and brainstem. Neuronal responses were enhanced in visual structures, e.g. fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) in healthy controls compared to patients with ANX and PPPD, and in the ANX group compared to the PPPD group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that neuronal responses to emotional information in the PPPD and the ANX group are comparable in anxiety networks but not in vestibulo-spatial networks. Patients with PPPD revealed a stronger neuronal response especially in SMG and STG compared to the ANX and the HC group. These results might suggest higher sensitivity and poorer adaptation processes in the PPPD group to anxiety and dizziness related pictures. Stronger activation in visual processing areas in HC subjects might be due to less emotional and more visual processing strategies

Associations between aerobic fitness, negative symptoms, cognitive deficits and brain structure in schizophrenia - a cross-sectional study

Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits are common in individuals with schizophrenia, greatly affect their outcome, and have been associated with alterations in cerebral gray and white matter volume (GMV, WMV). In the last decade, aerobic endurance training has emerged as a promising intervention to alleviate these symptoms and improved aerobic fitness has been suggested as a key moderator variable. In the present study, we investigated, whether aerobic fitness is associated with fewer cognitive deficits and negative symptoms and with GMVs and WMVs in individuals with schizophrenia in a cross-sectional design. In the largest study to date on the implications of fitness in individuals with schizophrenia, 111 participants at two centers underwent assessments of negative symptoms, cognitive functioning, and aerobic fitness and 69 underwent additional structural magnetic resonance imaging. Multilevel Bayesian partial correlations were computed to quantify relationships between the variables of interest. The main finding was a positive association of aerobic fitness with right hippocampal GMV and WMVs in parahippocampal and several cerebellar regions. We found limited evidence for an association of aerobic fitness with cognitive functioning and negative symptoms. In summary, our results strengthen the notion that aerobic fitness and hippocampal plasticity are interrelated which holds implications for the design of exercise interventions in individuals with schizophrenia

Identification of interferon-regulated genes in chickens

Typ I Interferon stellt einen essentiellen Teil der angeborenen Immunantwort dar und besitzt antivirale und immunmodulatorische Eigenschaften. Diese Funktionen werden durch die Induktion sogenannter Interferon-regulierter Gene (IRGs) vermittelt, deren Expression in der Zelle nach Bindung von IFN an seinen Rezeptor reguliert wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gelang es mit Hilfe verschiedener Ansätze erstmals, eine umfassende Anzahl Typ I Interferon-regulierte Gene beim Huhn zu identifizieren. Hierzu wurden umfangreiche Datenbankrecherchen und Transkriptomanalysen von Milz und Lunge sowohl nach Applikation von rekombinanten Hühner Interferon alpha, als auch einer Infektion mit Newcastle Disease Virus, einem starken IFN Induktor, durchgeführt. Etwa 30% der hierbei gefundenen IRGs wurden auch im Säugetier als solche beschrieben (allgemeine IRGs), weitere 1.900 Gene, die im Huhn nach Injektion von rekombinanten Hühner Interferon alpha exprimiert wurden sind jedoch beim Säuger in dieser Form nicht bekannt (neu identifizierte IRGs). Die eingehende Charakterisierung der Hühner-IRGs zeigte, dass „neu identifizierte“ und „allgemeine IRGs“ an ähnlichen immunrelevanten Prozessen und Signalwegen beteiligt waren, wie der Komplement Kaskade, der TLR Signalkaskade und Zytokin-Interaktionen. Auch durch Netzwerkanalysen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expression von „allgemeinen“ und „neu identifizierten IRGs“ in engem Zusammenhang miteinander steht. Durch die Untersuchung von verschiedenen Zeitpunkten konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass manche der im Huhn identifizierten IRGs in Milz und Lunge nur drei Stunden nach IFN Injektion stark exprimiert wurden, und andere IRGs über einen Zeitraum von neun Stunden konstante oder auch dynamische Expressionsprofile aufwiesen. Auch fiel eine Dynamik in der Genexpression in den verschiedenen Organen auf, da viele IRGs schon drei Stunden nach IFN Injektion in der Milz, aber erst neun Stunden nach IFN Injektion in der Lunge stark exprimiert wurden. Dabei unterschieden sich zahlreiche nach IFN Injektion und NDV Infektion regulierten IRGs in Milz und Lunge, während andere IRGs in beiden Organen exprimiert wurden, was darauf schließen lässt, dass viele IRGs gewebespezifisch und andere eher global exprimiert werden. Eine Vielzahl der nach IFN Applikation identifizierten IRGs konnte auch im Infektionsmodell mit lentogenem Newcastle Disease Virus bestätigt werden. Zudem gelang es, weitere „allgemeine IRGs“ zu identifizieren, was vermutlich auf die zusätzliche Expression von Typ II und Typ III IFN nach NDV Infektion zurückzuführen ist. Zusammenfassend bleibt festzustellen, dass sich die durch IFN induzierten Gene beim Huhn zwischen den untersuchten Geweben und je nach Stimulus unterscheiden und neben den auch beim Säuger beschriebenen, eine Vielzahl an weiteren IRGs identifiziert werden konnte. Die erhaltene Übersicht von IRGs im Huhn kann nun als Grundlage genutzt werden, um potentielle antiviral wirksame IRGs auszuwählen und sie funktionell näher zu charakterisieren. Ein besseres Verständnis der IFN-Wirkungsweise beim Vogel könnte wesentlich zum Schutz von Huhn und Mensch vor gefährlichen Pandemien beitragen.Type I interferons (IFNs) are an indispensable part of the innate immune response and exhibit antiviral and immunomodulatory functions. Receptor binding of IFNs induces hundreds of so called IFN-regulated genes (IRGs), which mediate the main functions of IFNs. Applying different approaches, we were able to identify a comprehensive number of IRGs in the chicken for the first time. Therefore, we performed extensive comparative database analysis and transcriptome analysis of spleen and lung tissue after intravenous injection of recombinant chicken interferon alpha (rec ChIFN-α) as well as after infection with lentogenic Newcastle Disease Virus, which is a potent inductor of Type I IFN. After IFN injection, in addition to 30% of the “common IRGs”, which exist in mammals as well as in the chicken, about 1.900 “newly identified IRGs” were found, which were regulated in the chicken, but not in the mammalian IRG databases. A closer look at these IRGs revealed that both, “common“ and “newly identified IRGs”, were involved in immunrelevant biological processes and signalling cascades, like “complement and coagulation cascades”, “Toll-like receptor signalling pathway” and ”cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”. Moreover, by network analysis it was possible to show that “common” and “newly identified IRGs” influence each other, which confirms the hypothesis of the identification of further IRGs in the chicken. We were able to show that chicken IRGs are expressed in different expression-profiles, with many IRGs expressed only three hours after IFN injection, while others showed either a constant expression over nine hours or a more dynamic expression-profile. Furthermore, this analysis revealed a dynamic organ specific IRG expression, as some IRGs were strongly induced after three hours in the spleen and but only after nine hours in the lung. In addition we were able to identify more globally expressed IRGs, which we found in spleen and lung tissue as well, and more tissue specific IRGs, which were expressed either in spleen or in lung tissue after IFN injection and/or NDV infection. Finally, a multitude of the identified chicken IRGs could be confirmed after infection with NDV. In this experiment we were able to confirm further “common IRGs”, probably mediated due to the expression of type II and type III IFNs after NDV infection. Altogether, we were able to show, that beside of many IRGs, which exist in mammals and in chickens, there are a multitude of additional IFN induced genes in the chicken. IRGs in chickens differ depending on stimulus and analysed tissue. The obtained overview of IRGs in chickens can provide a basis for further functional characterisation. A better understanding of IFN effector mechanism can help to protect chicken and humans from dangerous pandemic infections

Maturation of the avian IgA system critically depends on microbial colonization

International audienceThe avian immune system shows striking differences to its mammalian counterpart such as the complete lack of lymph nodes and the development of B cells in a unique gut associated lymphoid organ the bursa of Fabricius. At present, little is known about relevance of microbial colonization for the development of the mucosal immune system in birds. In order to address this question, we raised germ free chickens and reconstituted them with the E.coli strain Nissle alone or in combination with an Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Clostridium strain. Analysis of GALT structures and mucosal immune cell populations revealed no impact of the microbiota on bursal development but a significant role in the development of the mucosal secondary immune organs. Most strikingly, germ free birds completely lacked IgA plasma cells in the lamina propria, systemic and mucosal IgA production and germinal center formation in the caecal tonsils, the most prominent GALT structure in birds. Mono-reconstitution with E.coli Nissle only partially reverted this phenotype but induced a significant IgA response to this bacterium. Tetra-reconstitution further improved but did not fully mature the mucosal immune system as compared with the status in SPF birds. The striking IgA deficiency in germ free birds was paralleled by significantly reduced expression levels of J-chain, AID, BAFF, BAFF-R and poly-IgR mRNAs. We conclude that maturation signals seem to be identical in mammals and birds further supporting the importance of the IgA system in tissue omeostasis which has been conserved for more than 300 million years since birds and mammals segregated

Tissue and time specific expression pattern of interferon regulated genes in the chicken

Abstract Background Type I interferons are major players against viral infections and mediate their function by the induction of Interferon regulated genes (IRGs). Recently, it became obvious that these cytokines have a multitude of additional functions. Due to the unique features of the chickens’ immune system, available data from mouse models are not easily transferable; hence we performed an extensive analysis of chicken IRGs. Results A broad database search for homologues to described mammalian IRGs (common IRGs, cIRGs) was combined with a transcriptome analysis of spleen and lung at different time points after application of IFNα. To apply physiological amounts of IFN, half-life of IFN in the chicken was determined. Interestingly, the calculated 36 min are considerably shorter than the ones obtained for human and mouse. Microarray analysis revealed many additional IRGs (newly identified IRGs; nIRGs) and network analysis for selected IRGs showed a broad interaction of nIRGs among each other and with cIRGs. We found that IRGs exhibit a highly tissue and time specific expression pattern as expression quality and quantity differed strongly between spleen and lung and over time. While in the spleen for many affected genes changes in RNA abundance peaked already after 3 h, an increasing or plateau-like regulation after 3, 6 and 9 h was observed in the lung. Conclusions The induction or suppression of IRGs in chickens is both tissue and time specific and beside known antiviral mechanisms type I IFN induces many additional cellular functions. We confirmed many known IRGs and established a multitude of so far undescribed ones, thus providing a large database for future research on antiviral mechanisms and additional IFN functions in non-mammalian species

The gut microbiota contributes to a resilient developed immune system in chickens by activating the adaptive immunity

International audienc

The gut microbiota is critical for the development of the mucosal immune system of chickens

International audienc

Maturation of the avian IgA system critically depends on microbial colonization

International audienceThe avian immune system shows striking differences to its mammalian counterpart such as the complete lack of lymph nodes and the development of B cells in a unique gut associated lymphoid organ the bursa of Fabricius. At present, little is known about relevance of microbial colonization for the development of the mucosal immune system in birds. In order to address this question, we raised germ free chickens and reconstituted them with the E.coli strain Nissle alone or in combination with an Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Clostridium strain. Analysis of GALT structures and mucosal immune cell populations revealed no impact of the microbiota on bursal development but a significant role in the development of the mucosal secondary immune organs. Most strikingly, germ free birds completely lacked IgA plasma cells in the lamina propria, systemic and mucosal IgA production and germinal center formation in the caecal tonsils, the most prominent GALT structure in birds. Mono-reconstitution with E.coli Nissle only partially reverted this phenotype but induced a significant IgA response to this bacterium. Tetra-reconstitution further improved but did not fully mature the mucosal immune system as compared with the status in SPF birds. The striking IgA deficiency in germ free birds was paralleled by significantly reduced expression levels of J-chain, AID, BAFF, BAFF-R and poly-IgR mRNAs. We conclude that maturation signals seem to be identical in mammals and birds further supporting the importance of the IgA system in tissue omeostasis which has been conserved for more than 300 million years since birds and mammals segregated

The gut microbiota contributes to a resilient developed immune system in chickens by activating the adaptive immunity

International audienc