Physiological responses to various durations and intensities of warmup

Warmup has been a general practice for most athletes to engage in prior to a practice or competitive race. However, there has been little scientific evidence, specifically for the endurance athlete concerning the appropriate duration, intensity, or a combination of duration and intensity needed to enhance performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how different combinations of durations and intensities of warmup affect heart rate (HR), lactic acid· (LA), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (R) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a 5 minute treadmill run at 80% VO2 max. Subjects included four male and four female trained (male mean VO2 max= 55.3; female mean vo2 max= 48.6) endurance athletes (mean age= 30.6 yr, SD=+ 4.4). Subjects randomly participated in one of the warmup conditions, followed by a 5 minute run at 80% vo2 max. The four warmup conditions were low intensity, short duration (LISD), low intensity, long duration (LILD), high intensity, short duration (HISD) and high intensity, long duration (HILD}. The low and high intensities were set at 40% vo2 max and 80% VO2 max, and the short and long durations were set at 5 and 20 minutes, respectively. Results of the 2 x 2 ANOVA showed significant (p\u3c.01) main effects for duration for RPE, with 20 minutes significantly higher than 5 minutes, and intensity for HR (p\u3c.01), with 70% VO2 max significantly greater than 40% vo2 max. There was no significance found for LA, Rand VE. The omega squared analysis showed that for RPE and HR 68.7% and 39.6% of the variance among the conditions was due to the duration and intensity of the warrnup, respectively. In summary, no particular warrnup produced optimal effects on all of the physiological factors associated with performance. Therefore, it is recommended that warrnup within the range of 40% to 70% V02 max for 5 or 20 minutes produced equivalent effects for most of the physiological variables studied

Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs of 5th and 8th Grade Science Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine which, if any, variables had a significant relationship to personal science teaching efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies. The independent variables tested were number of undergraduate science methods courses taken, level of teacher education, number of years as a classroom teacher, number of years as a science teacher, teacher beliefs regarding instructional strategies in science, and teacher beliefs regarding student engagement in the science classroom. Through surveys completed by 5th and 8th grade science teachers, the researcher analyzed data via multiple regressions to determine significance. Results of the data analysis showed the greatest significance was between personal science teaching efficacy beliefs and number of years as a classroom teacher, and teacher beliefs regarding instructional strategies in science and outcome expectancy and student engagement in the science classroom. Implications for current practice include a need for improved teacher education programs for pre-service science teachers, collaboration between universities and public school districts, improved methods for teacher retention in the science classroom, and the use of hands-on and minds-on instruction in the science classroom

Physiological responses to various durations and intensities of warmup

The purpose of this study was to determine how different combinations of durations and intensities of warmup affect heart rate (HR), blood lactate levels (LA), minute venilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during a treadmill edurance run at 80% VO2 max

A comparison of the LR and QR transformations for finding the eigenvalues for real nonsymmetric matrices

The LR and QR algorithms, two of the best available iterative methods for finding the eigenvalues of a nonsymmetric matrix associated with a system of linear homogeneous equations, are studied. These algorithms are discussed as they apply to the determination of the eigenvalues of real nonsymmetric matrices. A comparison of the speed and accuracy of these transformations is made. A detailed discussion of the criterion for convergence and the numerical difficulties which may occur in the computation of multiple and complex conjugate eigenvalues are included. The results of this study indicate that the QR algorithm is the more successful method for finding the eigenvalues of a real nonsymmetric matrix --Abstract, page ii

A Guide to the Human Genome Project: Technologies, People, and Institutions

There are many scientific reports and full-length books dealing with the Human Genome Project in all its facets; this simple, concise guide is intended for those who need a broad overview and a quick reference. The information presented here is drawn from such journals as Cell, FASEB Journal, and Science; from official publications, in particular Human Genome News, the Office of Technology Assessment\u27s Mapping Our Genes, and the Department of Energy\u27s program reports; and from several secondary sources, including the prepublication draft of Gene Quest, by Robert Mullan Cook-Deegan, an insider\u27s historical account, and the exploration of techniques in Exons, Introns, and Talking Genes, by Christopher Wills. The report focuses almost entirely on the genome project in the United States. We have shortened and simplified whenever possibly, providing citations and a bibliography for those who would like more detailed information. We begin by exploring the origins of the genome project and the questions and criticisms it has provoked in the scientific community. Then we explore important techniques; the isntitutions connected with the prokect, including designated genome centers, important suppliers of resources, and corporations; systems of communication; and the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the project. After two appendixes—lists of key personnel and of the disease associated with each chromosome—the report closes with a bibliography, a glossary (including a list of acronyms), and a timeline

Working with American Indian Communities to Utilize and Improve Data for Heath Research

This session will include three presentations on data collection with American Indian communities and discuss current gaps and possible solutions. The first presentation will be on community input and utilization of data for program development. The second presentation will discuss the availability and utility of local data. The final presentation will describe existing data sources for longitudinal regional and national data that may relate to American Indian health

How High School Athlete Student Mentors Impact Elementary/Middle School Students: A Case for Positive Coaching Alliance

While the physical, psychological, and social benefits of physical activity have been touted for decades, few children in the U.S. are sufficiently active physically. We created a cross-age mentoring program to encourage children to not only engage in sports, but to also gain valuable personal and interpersonal skills from program activities. We interviewed 73 individuals from two community recreation centers—53 elementary school participants, 10 high-school student-athlete mentors, and 11 professional staff members—using semi-structured interviews. We found that cross-age mentorship program in sports created positive one-to-one and one-to-many relationships between the high school athlete mentors and the elementary school participants. Our grounded theory research demonstrates the efficacy of high school student-athletes as mentors in sports programs. We also have described in detail a program that is readily scalable because it is easy to implement, is cost-effective, and has benefits for all involved. Organizations such as after-school programs and community centers can design programs that bring these groups together and provide opportunities for learning and fun

Mass Dependent Loss of Resolution in Radially Inhomogeneous ExB Ion Traps

ExB ion traps, such as Fourier transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometers (FY:ICR), mass analyze sample ions based on differences in their cyclotron frequencies in a homogeneous magnetic field. The high resolution mass measurements of FT-ICR are based on the relationship between the frequency of the cyclotron orbit and the mass-to-charge (m/q) ratio of an ion. Both the orbit and the frequency/mass relationship result from the radial forces on the ion. Ions trapped by inhomogeneous electric fields experience different magnitudes of the radial electric fields at different positions resulting in a positionally dependent frequency. Such differences in orbital frequencies for ions of a single m/q ratio result in line broadening and loss of resolution

“Course” Work: Pinar's Currere as an Initiation into Curriculum Studies

In this article, four new doctoral students reflect on Pinar’s currere process as an initiation into the discipline of curriculum studies. Currere involves examining one’s experiences as curricula that shape understandings: each of us undertook the steps of currere individually and then shared our reflections through collaborative autobiography. This collaboration expanded our self-reflexivity in relation to curriculum and to discursive contexts and, unexpectedly, created an authentic learning community. The currere process has not only written us into curriculum studies, but also compelled us to “participate in the constitution and transformation of ourselves” (Pinar, 1994, p. 74) that is so vital to our work in education. The following article—which consists of collaborative and personal writing—describes a valuable practice for bringing graduate students into curriculum studies. It also considers whether the self-reflexivity encouraged by currere might still be relevant for contemporary scholars and educators almost four decades after its inception