EFFECT OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE METHANOLIC EXTRACT ON PANCREATIC PUTRESCINE LEVELS AGAINST ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: Gymnema sylvestre, a rare herb with significant medicinal values widely used as a naturopathic treatment for diabetes. This study demonstrates the antidiabetic potential and changes in the levels of pancreatic putrescine in G. sylvestre treated experimental rat models.Methods: Phytochemical analysis was carried out for methanolic leaf extract of G. sylvestre (GSME). Further, antidiabetic property and putrescine levels in alloxan-induced diabetic Wister albino rats were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method.Results: The GSME (500 mg/kg b/w) was administered daily up to 15 days in diabetic rats against standard drug metformin (500 mg/kg b/w). At the end of the experiments, the increased body weights were noted in the diabetic control groups, while there was reduction in blood glucose level, total protein, liver glycogen, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and blood catalase, respectively.Conclusion: GSME at the dose of (500 mg/kg b/w) brings about significant beneficial effects in various physiological parameters and level of putrescine altered during diabetic manifestations, and these effects are quite comparable with the standard drug, metformin

ASSESSMENT ON ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACTIN FROM BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON PROTOPLASTS AND SPHEROPLASTS OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Objective: The aim of this paper is to assessment on antimicrobial properties of surfactin from Bacillus subtilis on protoplasts and spheroplasts of pathogenic bacteria.Methods: Bacillus sp were isolated from the polluted soil samples and these isolates were screened for biosurfactin activity using haemolytic activity. The biosurfactant was also studied for their antibiotic activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by testing the effect of surfactin on the pathogenic microorganisms. The lytic activity of surfactant was also tested on the protoplasts and spheroplasts of the pathogens.Results: The formation of a clear zone around the colonies and the lysis of erythrocytes shows the antimicrobial and lytic activity of biosurfactants.Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal that surfactin from B. subtilis possesses significant antimicrobial and lytic activity

Empirical Exploration on the Foreign Exchange Market Microstructure with Duration, Volume and Orderflow

With Ultra-High Frequent JPY against UDS rate data, we investigate the features of the market microstructure of foreign exchange rate in terms of duration, volatility, volume and orderflow. ACD model developed by Russell/Engle（1995）enables us to use tick-by-tick type foreign exchange data without any loss of information. In addition to ACD model, we use GARCH type model modified to accomplish our purpose. With ACD model, we found clear results. We confirmed that persistency of expected duration is strong. Thus, we cannot say foreign exchange market is efficient. As for the market microstructure exploralation, we use Diamond/Verrecchia（1986）model which shows that no trade means bad news, and Easly/O\u27Hara（1992）model which mentions that no trade means no news. Our results show that volume has significant negative impact on duration and buying USD orderflow also affects negatively on duration. If we can recognize volume and orderflow as the proxy of information inflow, foreign exchange market can be seen as the market Easly/O\u27Hara（1992）shown. The bigger the volume becomes, the shorter the trade interval becomes, the shorter the duration becomes, then the more the trade occurs. In the next step, we analyze the relations between volatility and duration to explore the foreign exchange market structure. Duration has negative effect on volatility, but has no effect on foreign exchange rate in 2007，whereas duration has positive effect on volatility with negative effect on USD rate in 2008．If we take the result from ACD into account, the more information comes to market and the more trade occurs, the higher volatility becomes in 2007．This result is consistent with the implication from mixture of distribution hypothesis and Easly/ O\u27Hara（1992）model. In 2008，the longer the trading interval becomes, the higher the volatility becomes. From ACD estimation, volume has positive impact on duration. Combining with these results, we can say that no trade, which means no news, makes market volatile. This result suggests that Diamond/Verrecchia（1986）model is valid. Uncertainty in the market was quite high and USD used to depreciate with active trade in our data in 2008．It might be said that foreign exchange market can be the market suggested by Easly/O\u27Hara（1992） in a usual case, but it also depends on the market condition such as uncertainty or risk.杉原敏夫教授定年退職記念号In Honour of Prof. Toshio Sugihar

Oscillation criteria for third order neutral generalized difference equations with distributed delay

This paper aims to investigate the criteria of behaviour of certain type of third order neutral generalized difference equations with distributed delay. With the technique of generalized Riccati transformation and Philos-type method, some oscillation criteria are obtained to ensure convergence and oscillatory solution of suitable example is listed to illustrate the main result