Sumbangan Hutan Kemasyarakatan dan Hutan Desa terhadap Pendapatan dan Pengurangan Kemiskinan

Kajian untuk mengetahui upaya pemerintah mengurangi masalah kemiskinan penduduk di sekitar hutan. Disusun atas kerjasama antar Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan LIPI dan Kemitraan

Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli dominate the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Indonesia, a cohort study

Contains fulltext : 154426.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)OBJECTIVE: Knowledge about the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is essential for adequate management. Presently, few studies about CAP are available from Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate the etiology, severity, and outcome of CAP in the most populous Southeast Asia country, Indonesia. METHODS: From October 2007 to April 2009, adult patients admitted with CAP to two hospitals in Semarang, Indonesia, were included to detect the etiology of CAP using a full range of diagnostic methods. The severity of disease was classified according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The outcome was assessed as 30-day mortality. RESULTS: In total, 148 consecutive patients with CAP were included. Influenza virus (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) were the most common agents identified. Other Gram-negative bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae each accounted for 5%. The bacteria presented wild type antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-four percent of subjects were high-risk patients (PSI class IV-V). The mortality rate (30%) was significantly associated with disease severity score (P<0.001), and with failure to establish an etiological diagnosis (P=0.027). No associations were found between etiology and underlying diseases, PSI class, nor mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Viruses and Gram-negative bacilli are dominant causes of CAP in this region, more so than S. pneumoniae. Most of the bacteria have wild type susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Patients with severe disease and those with unknown etiology have a higher mortality risk

Electrochemical Synthesis of a Multipurpose Pt−Ni Catalyst for Renewable Energy‐Related Electrocatalytic Reactions

Renewable energy driven electrochemical processes are becoming increasingly important in the transition away from fossil fuels. One of the key reactions is electrochemical water splitting to generate green hydrogen which ideally could be directly integrated with a wind or solar electricity source. However, alkaline electrolysers suffer from significant degradation in performance if they are rapidly powered down under reduced sunlight conditions when directly coupled with a solar cell due to reverse current flow. In this work we address this issue by creating a truly bifunctional electrode material that is switchable between the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The synthesis method is simple whereby a Pt electrode is electrochemically activated and then immersed in a nickel nitrate solution to electrolessly deposit Ni on the surface. When this electrode is electrochemically cycled, it creates an active Pt−Ni alloy at the Pt surface. Importantly, this electrocatalyst is switchable between both reactions without loss of activity as evidenced by an accelerated stress test over a 24 h period. An added advantage is that this Pt−Ni electrocatalyst is also more active than Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction which opens up its applicability in fuel cells. Finally, to demonstrate the multifunctionality of this Pt−Ni material, ethanol and ammonia oxidation is demonstrated which also shows better performance than Pt