AN APPROACH FOR THE BIODEGRADATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

Environmental pollution not only alters the environment but also changes the growth rate of various flora and fauna. Due to the irresponsible disposal of waste materials, the environment is going to be more and more polluted. Discharge of hydrocarbons in the water bodies is contaminating the water sources. These hydrocarbons are affecting the living organism. The solution to this problem has been found too expensive with little effects. To overcome this problem, some biological methods are introduced, in biological method; microbial degradation of hydrocarbons is the most promising method. The proposed study aimed to isolate and identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species from the Mathura refinery, Mathura U.P. India. These species were isolated from petroleum-contaminated refinery water and grew on nutrient agar media, identified according to their distinct morphological, and biochemical characteristics, with16s rRNA sequencing. Results of this study confirmed the presence of various bacterial isolates such as Brevibacillus nitrificans, Algoriphagus shivajiensis, Bacillus marisflavi, Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, and Bacillus pumilus from the collected samples based on the Bushnell Haas method and separation funnel method. Further, identified bacteria were tested for the maximum hydrocarbon degradation capacity in liquid culture, and results of the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) suggested that only two bacterial species viz., P. pseudoalcaligenes and B. pumilus having the maximum hydrocarbon degradation capacity

ANTIOXIDANT, CYTOTOXICITY, AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT-BASED MICROEMULSIONS FOR ENHANCED THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant (AO) potential, cytotoxicity, and stability of preformulated Ginkgo biloba standard extractmicroemulsion (GBME), to investigate if, it retains the therapeutic potential of EGB761 and remains safe and stable for a longer period.Method and Results: GBME has shown enhanced AO (85.2±0.78%, IC50=31.3±0.45 μg/ml) in comparison to EGB761 (74.1±0.51%,IC50=49.4±0.05 μg/ml) using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Similarly, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate(DPPH) assay has also shown that AO for GBME (94.6±0.04%, IC50=11.4±1.03 μg/ml) was higher than EGB761 (78.6±1.20%, IC50=34.6±0.81 μg/ml).Further, IC50 value of antiradical unit of GBME was much lesser (ABTS=14.3±1.05 μg/ml and DPPH=17.03±1.8 μg/ml) in comparison to EGB761(ABTS=34.1±1.62 μg/ml and DPPH=37.5±0.08 μg/ml). Equivalently, both, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and nitric oxide activity wereappreciably higher for GBME than the pure extract. The in vitro cytotoxicity assessment showed that GBME is quite safe (98.68±0.76% cell viability) incomparison to EGB761 (83.29±1.02%). Thereafter, these samples were tested for stability by evaluating their AO activity along with high-performanceliquid chromatography analysis, for the major phytocompounds, after 1 year, and results suggested that AO of GBME remained stable while comparingwith the freshly prepared GBME, whereas AO of EGB761 reduced significantly as compared to freshly taken EGB761 extract implying the degradationof phytocompounds supporting decrease in AO activity.Conclusion: Therefore, the observed results suggest that GBME maintained AO and scavenging activity along with enhanced shelf life with no observedtoxicity, which can be explored further for its potential therapeutic implications in various oxidative stress-induced central nervous system disorders

Nonoxidative Coupling of Ethane with Gold loaded Photocatalysts

Direct and continuous conversion of ethane to yield n-butane and hydrogen at near room temperature (ca. 320 K) was examined with gold loaded gallium oxide and titanium dioxide photocatalysts without the aid of any oxidant in a flow reactor. A Ga₂O₃ photocatalyst produced n-butane and ethene as well as hydrogen with an almost stoichiometric ratio of products from ethane. Loading Au on the Ga₂O₃ sample gave a 12 times higher production rate of n-butane such as 0.65 μmol h−1 with a high selectivity of 89%. Although a bare TiO₂ sample showed very low yield due to poor reduction resistance, the addition of an Au cocatalyst drastically improved the photocatalytic performance of the TiO₂ sample, i.e., the Au(0.2)/TiO₂ sample produced n-butane and ethene continuously at least for 5 h, where the production rate of n-butane, the n-butane selectivity, and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) for n-butane formation were 0.92 μmol h⁻¹, 92%, and 0.02%, respectively. The reaction mechanism of n-butane formation as the main reaction was proposed to be the photocatalytic nonoxidative coupling of ethane (NOCE), which is similar to the photocatalytic nonoxidative coupling of methane (NOCM)

Internet Governance: A Developing Nation’s Call for Administrative Legal Reform

The internet has emerged as a reservoir of information and has pushed the world to evolve into a global village. Increased communication across political, social and economic barriers has created a virtual society of its own. This networked society poses considerable challenges for Internet Governance. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is the institution responsible for the internet management. ICANN has been at the center of the debates over global governance of the internet. Key concerns raised in these debates involve the legitimacy of institutions as well as the participation of developed and developing nations in Internet governance

NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

The main aim of this research is to identify the impact of next-generation sequencing in clinical practice for disease diagnosis and management. This process also has the capability to identify the response of individuals to using the drugs. Moreover, this information has the potential to optimize drug selection and dosages. Literature Review: Accuracy of the diagnosis has to be fostered by this process. Moreover, with the aid of this process, genetic disorders become identified and diagnosed. Trust of the patients in the treatment process becomes fostered, and it helps to develop the diagnosis process. The personalized medicine process becomes facilitated by this process. Methodology: This research study is based on the “theoretical analysis”, therefore, researchers are capable of collecting data from different online sources. This data collection process helps to get a deep conceptual understanding. After that, better knowledge about this study has to be collected with the aid of this data collection process Findings: Next-generation sequencing allows for the sequencing of the entire genome of an individual. Therefore, this has revolutionized precision medicine for personalized treatment. Better disease diagnosis, as well as genetic profile of patients is detected carefully with the aid of this process. Moreover, rare genetic diseases are also identified critically with the aid of this NGS process. Discussion: Overall knowledge about this study has to be identified by this study. This study helps to understand that, “Next-generation sequencing has a significant impact on clinical practices. Therefore, it has a remarkable impact on disease diagnosis and management Conclusion:  Genetic mutation is an important factor that has to be facilitated by this process. Moreover, different types of heredity disease and infectious diseases are detected carefully with the aid of this advanced disease diagnosis proces

Multilevel Hashing based Access Control for Authentication and Security in Relational Database Management System

The relational database is very widely used in these days and so as the relational database security is very vital to protect from different kinds of threats and attacks. The security of relational database is very important because now these days all data and information are stored in database by some form of database objects including user’s personal information like credit/debit card details, username, passwords etc. as well as confidential data of business organization and companies. Many researches are done in order to protect the relational database from these vulnerabilities but the methodologies of relational database security are not able to protect the relational database from all security issues. Authentication of users is an important issue in the database that is needed to be addressed most because it can give full access to the database objects. In this paper we present various security issues that can cause degradation in relational database security and we also identify various problems in the current database security policies. In this paper we propose the use of Multilevel Hashing based Access control mechanism for authentication and security in Relational database

Direct and simultaneous measurement of stiffness and internal friction of single folded protein

The nanomechanical response of a folded single protein, the natural nanomachine responsible for myriad biological functions, provides insight into its function. The conformational flexibility of a folded state, characterized by its viscoelasticity, allows proteins to adopt different shapes to perform functions. Despite efforts, its direct measurement has not been possible so far. We present a direct and simultaneous measurement of stiffness and internal friction of folded domains of protein titin using a special interferometer based Atomic FOrce Microscope. We analysed the data by carefully separating different contributions affecting the response of the experimental probe to obtain folded state's viscoelasticity. Above ~ 95 pN of force, the individual immunoglobulins of titin transition from an elastic solid-like native state to a soft viscoelastic intermediate.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figure

Insights into the dynamics of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate I riboswitch using molecular dynamics simulation

208-218Riboswitches are key cis-regulatory elements, present at 5' UTRs of several prokaryotic mRNAs, involved in gene expression regulation by binding selectively to specific ligands followed by conformational changes. However, understanding of ligand-free riboswitch, conformational changes between the ligand-free and ligand-bound riboswitch and binding mechanism of ligand to the aptamer of riboswitch is limited. In the present paper we describe the structural and dynamical properties of ligand-free c-di-GMP I riboswitch aptamer and its possible binding mechanism with c-di-GMP by means of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Various analyses such as principal component analysis, cross correlation dynamics analysis, network analysis and trajectory analyses were carried out. The ligand-free structure shows stable conformation with folded P2, P3 and an unwind P1 helix with open binding pocket at helix-join-helix junction while the ligand-bound structure showed closed binding pocket structure compared to the ligand-free structure. The junction residues significantly showed anti-correlations with P1 helix and weak correlated motions with each other in the open conformation of the ligand-free aptamer of riboswitch. The networks analysis of binding pocket residues suggested interaction among the identified key residues of the binding pocket (G20, A47, C92) and P1 helix illustrating the role of P1 helix in binding of ligand. The structural insights, on c-di-GMP I riboswitch, presented in this paper can be useful for the development of therapeutics against V. cholerae. The understanding of the c-di-GMP I riboswitch at dynamic molecular level provides a potential solution for riboswitch drug design

Insights into the dynamics of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate I riboswitch using molecular dynamics simulation

Riboswitches are key cis-regulatory elements, present at 5' UTRs of several prokaryotic mRNAs, involved in gene expression regulation by binding selectively to specific ligands followed by conformational changes. However, understanding of ligand-free riboswitch, conformational changes between the ligand-free and ligand-bound riboswitch and binding mechanism of ligand to the aptamer of riboswitch is limited. In the present paper we describe the structural and dynamical properties of ligand-free c-di-GMP I riboswitch aptamer and its possible binding mechanism with c-di-GMP by means of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Various analyses such as principal component analysis, cross correlation dynamics analysis, network analysis and trajectory analyses were carried out. The ligand-free structure shows stable conformation with folded P2, P3 and an unwind P1 helix with open binding pocket at helix-join-helix junction while the ligand-bound structure showed closed binding pocket structure compared to the ligand-free structure. The junction residues significantly showed anti-correlations with P1 helix and weak correlated motions with each other in the open conformation of the ligand-free aptamer of riboswitch. The networks analysis of binding pocket residues suggested interaction among the identified key residues of the binding pocket (G20, A47, C92) and P1 helix illustrating the role of P1 helix in binding of ligand. The structural insights, on c-di-GMP I riboswitch, presented in this paper can be useful for the development of therapeutics against V. cholerae. The understanding of the c-di-GMP I riboswitch at dynamic molecular level provides a potential solution for riboswitch drug design