Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Reducing Depression and Anxiety in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bipolar disorder is a highly debilitating mental health condition characterised by cyclic episodes of mania and depression. People diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience more depressive episodes than mania or hypomania. Lifetime comorbidity with anxiety is estimated to be between 24% and 74.9% and is associated with higher relapse and suicide. While mood stabilising medications are the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorders, they are more effective in targeting mania than depression and anxiety. Therefore, adjunct psychotherapies have been investigated. In recent years, there has been a growth in the number of studies examining the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Metacognitive Training and Acceptance Commitment Therapy on people with bipolar disorder. Some of these studies have shown inconsistencies and the most recent studies have not been collated in systematic reviews or meta-analyses. The aim of the current meta-analysis is to clarify the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of anxiety and depression in bipolar disorder. Three databases were searched (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Ultimate) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and pre-and post-studies. Initial results found 1734 potential studies, of which 17 met inclusion. The quality of each study was assessed, and study characteristics and outcome data were extracted. Multiple meta-analyses were performed to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on depression and anxiety. The results obtained from the meta-analyses provide support that MBIs can be used to treat depression and anxiety among adults with bipolar disorder. However, the effect of each reduction was small, which might indicate that MBIs have a minimal effect. Future research is encouraged to perform additional RCTs that are adequately powered studies, and of higher quality

Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Reducing Depression and Anxiety in Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bipolar disorder is a highly debilitating mental health condition characterised by cyclic episodes of mania and depression. People diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience more depressive episodes than mania or hypomania. Lifetime comorbidity with anxiety is estimated to be between 24% and 74.9% and is associated with higher relapse and suicide. While mood stabilising medications are the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorders, they are more effective in targeting mania than depression and anxiety. Therefore, adjunct psychotherapies have been investigated. In recent years, there has been a growth in the number of studies examining the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, Metacognitive Training and Acceptance Commitment Therapy on people with bipolar disorder. Some of these studies have shown inconsistencies and the most recent studies have not been collated in systematic reviews or meta-analyses. The aim of the current meta-analysis is to clarify the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of anxiety and depression in bipolar disorder. Three databases were searched (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Ultimate) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and pre-and post-studies. Initial results found 1734 potential studies, of which 17 met inclusion. The quality of each study was assessed, and study characteristics and outcome data were extracted. Multiple meta-analyses were performed to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on depression and anxiety. The results obtained from the meta-analyses provide support that MBIs can be used to treat depression and anxiety among adults with bipolar disorder. However, the effect of each reduction was small, which might indicate that MBIs have a minimal effect. Future research is encouraged to perform additional RCTs that are adequately powered studies, and of higher quality

The Foreign tax credit limitation under section 904 /

" ... discusses one part of the U.S. foreign tax credit mechanism--the foreign tax credit limitation under [section] 904. The basic purpose of the limitation is to ensure that the United States does not allow foreign taxes to be used as a credit against U.S. tax on any U.S.-source income.