A Matter of Principle and Consistency: Understanding the Battered Woman and Cultural Defenses

To adequately explain and argue why feminists, as a matter of legal theory, must take both the BWS and cultural defenses seriously, these defenses need further elaboration. Section I details what these defenses are, how they developed, and how they work in the justice system. Section II enlarges the picture by revealing the similarities between the two defenses which share not only the same theoretical and practical goals, but also the same criticisms and flaws highlighted by scholars. Finally, Section III asserts that cultural evidence and evidence of battering must be admitted to show the absence of mens rea. However, because serious problems arise from the admission of these two defenses, Section III discusses one potential approach to mitigating or eliminating the resulting harms and urges the search for more alternatives. The Article concludes that feminists must accept the admission of cultural evidence and evidence of battering in domestic violence homicide trials. The proper response to the problematic aspects of each defense is the search for specific solutions and approaches to mitigate the harms, not the abandonment of either defense

A Matter of Principle and Consistency: Understanding the Battered Woman and Cultural Defenses

To adequately explain and argue why feminists, as a matter of legal theory, must take both the BWS and cultural defenses seriously, these defenses need further elaboration. Section I details what these defenses are, how they developed, and how they work in the justice system. Section II enlarges the picture by revealing the similarities between the two defenses which share not only the same theoretical and practical goals, but also the same criticisms and flaws highlighted by scholars. Finally, Section III asserts that cultural evidence and evidence of battering must be admitted to show the absence of mens rea. However, because serious problems arise from the admission of these two defenses, Section III discusses one potential approach to mitigating or eliminating the resulting harms and urges the search for more alternatives. The Article concludes that feminists must accept the admission of cultural evidence and evidence of battering in domestic violence homicide trials. The proper response to the problematic aspects of each defense is the search for specific solutions and approaches to mitigate the harms, not the abandonment of either defense

The diffuse X-ray spectrum from 14-200 keV as measured on OSO-5

The measurement of energy spectrum of the diffuse component of cosmic X-ray flux made on the OSO-5 spacecraft is described. The contributions to the total counting rate of the actively shielded X-ray detector are considered in some detail and the techniques used to eliminate the non-cosmic components are described. Positive values for the cosmic flux are obtained in seven energy channels between 14 and 200 keV and two upper limits are obtained between 200 and 254 keV. The results can be fitted by a power law spectrum. A critical comparison is made with the OSO-3 results. Conclusions show that the reported break in the energy spectrum at 40 keV is probably produced by an erroneous correction for the radioactivity induced in the detector on each passage through the intense charged particle fluxes in the South Atlantic anomaly

Convex Hulls under Uncertainty

We study the convex-hull problem in a probabilistic setting, motivated by the need to handle data uncertainty inherent in many applications, including sensor databases, location-based services and computer vision. In our framework, the uncertainty of each input site is described by a probability distribution over a finite number of possible locations including a \emph{null} location to account for non-existence of the point. Our results include both exact and approximation algorithms for computing the probability of a query point lying inside the convex hull of the input, time-space tradeoffs for the membership queries, a connection between Tukey depth and membership queries, as well as a new notion of \some-hull that may be a useful representation of uncertain hulls

Production of Ferromolybdenum from Indian Resources

In India, the resources of molybdenum are limited - primary sources are very low grade molysulphide deposits, molybdenum in low concentration co-occurs with copper and uranium deposits, processing of such deposits for copper and uranium yields small quantities of low grade molysulphide concentrate. Besides these, some quantities of molybdenum scrap andmolybdenum bearing effluents are generated as secondary sources in the countrv. This paper is concerned with the development of processes for treating these indigenous sources. Thefirst part of the paper describes the chemical processes for preparing pure compounds of molybdenum which could be utilized as starting materials for various metallurgical products of molybdenum. The second part of the paper deals with the production of ferroma! bdenum using these molybdenum intermediate compounds

An anatomico-radiological study of an accessory mandibular foramen on the medial mandibular surface

Unnamed foramina are known to be present in the mandible. The present research paper reports the presence of an accessory foramen on the medial surface of the mandible, highlighting its anatomico-radiological details. Accessory foramina in the mandible have been known to transmit branches of nerves supplying the roots of the teeth. Nerve block techniques by local anaesthetics might fail if any of these nerves or their branches pass through these accessory foramina and thus escape the nerve block. Dental surgeons performing extractions should be aware of accessory foramina on the mandible and thus plan anaesthesia at an appropriate anatomical site. The presence of such foramina might also be an alternate route for tumour spread following radiation therapy. Precise knowledge and awareness of such accessory mandibular foramina would therefore be important for dental surgeons performing nerve block and also for oncologists in planning radiation therapy

Recovery of Niobium and Tantalum from Low Grade Tin Slag - A Hydrometallurgical Approach

.Niobium and tantalum are known to co-occur with cassiterite deposits.During the process of extraction of tin by cassiterite smelting, these metals join the slag phase and the slag is processed for the recovery of niobium and tantalum. The processed slag rich in niobium and tantalum is digested with hydrofluric acid, and subjected to solvent extraction for the removal of additional impurities as well as for the separation of niobium and tantalum. This paper reports on the upgradation of tin slag typically containing 3.4% Nb205 and 3.0% Ta205 by a combination of chemical treatments. In the process, unwanted associations in the slag viz. alumina, silica, calcia, iron oxide etc., are selectively solubilized by a sequential treatment with alkali and acid leaching leaving a residue containing 10.6% Nb205 and 10.4% Ta205 with a recovery of 86.5 and 95.5% respectively. The product represents an enrichment of about 3.24 times and was found to be suitable for the extraction of niobium and tantalum by HF-H2SO4 dissolution