Antibiotics sensitivity and resistant pattern in tribal region of Chhattisgarh, India: a retrospective observational study

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the biggest health care problem globally, it is responsible for the high rate of mortality worldwide which was commonly observed in developing countries. We tried to find the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in the tribal region of Chhattisgarh, India.Methods: It was an institutional based retrospective observational study. Out of 3389 samples from inpatient and outpatient department, a total number of 1676 cultured proven micro-organism were isolated from Jan 2017 to Dec 2018. SPSS v23 was used for descriptive analysis.Results: More than 75% of the samples collected from the inpatient department in which surgical IPD were significantly higher. The commonest isolated were Staphylococcus aureus followed by Escherichia coli, then Klebsiella species. Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid was resistant to the majority of microorganism followed by 3rd generation cephalosporins then Co-trimoxazole.Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance was higher even in the tribal region. The incidence of AMR is increasing at an alarming rate. Microorganism targeted antimicrobial therapy with the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics and avoidance of broad-spectrum antibiotics will possibly overcome the antimicrobial resistance. There is also a need to strengthen laboratory or microbiology department to produce an accurate report to combat antimicrobial resistance

Knowledge, preferences, practices, and attitudes about breastfeeding among postnatal mothers in Uttarakhand, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Breastmilk is the natural and safest first food for the newborn. It has nutritional, immunological, behavioural, and offers mother-infant bonding. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the knowledge, practice, and attitudes of mothers towards breastfeeding. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among conveniently selected 950 postnatal mothers attending the immunization clinic and paediatric OPD with their children for vaccination and treatment of other minor illnesses from April 2018 to November 2019 in selected hospitals of Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Mothers were face-to-face interviewed using structured knowledge, preference, practices, and attitude questionnaires about newborn breastfeeding. Tools were validated and tested for reliability. Results: The average knowledge scores (11.72±1.78) indicated that mothers have good knowledge about breastfeeding. Most mothers (81.45%) fed their babies with colostrum, and 82% were exclusively breastfeeding. It was also reported about top feeds like honey, coconut water, grape water, ghuttee, lactogen among about 20% of the participants. The average score of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) (58.11±6.44) lay in the range of neutral attitudes related to breastfeeding practices among the mothers. Conclusion: Breastfeeding practices were adequate among many mothers, but there were practices of throwing colostrum, topfeed baby and early initiation of weaning. Thus, it is necessary to create awareness among the mothers and their families about the correct practices of feeding the newborn baby; eventually, the attitude will change

Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions using Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum: isothermal studies and kinetic modelling

n/