Bioverfügbarkeit, Bioakkumulation und Toxizität der Platingruppenelemente Pt, Pd und Rh in aquatischen Organismen

Bioverfügbarkeit, Bioakkumulation und Toxizität der Platingruppenelemente Pt, Pd und Rh in aquatischen Organismen Förderkennzeichen (BWBÖ 99008) Bernd Sures, Sonja Zimmermann: Zoologisches Institut I, Ökologie-Parasitologie, Geb. 30.43, Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe Zusammenfassung Seit Beginn der 80iger Jahre werden in Deutschland durch den Einsatz von Autoabgas-katalysatoren in zunehmendem Umfang die katalytisch wirksamen Platingruppenelemente (PGE) Platin, Palladium und Rhodium emittiert. Jedoch ist bisher unklar, ob diese Metalle für die aquatische Biosphäre verfügbar sind, folglich aufgenommen und akkumuliert werden können. Ziel des hier vorgestellten Forschungsvorhabens ist es, mit verschiedenen aquatischen Organismen zunächst die Frage der Bioverfügbarkeit der Kfz-bürtigen PGE zu klären. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes konnte nun erstmalig nachgewiesen werden, dass das bisher aufgrund der schwierigen Spurenanalytik kaum untersuchte Pd bioverfügbar ist. Nach nur vierwöchiger Exposition von Aalen in Hälterungswasser mit Straßensediment (10 kg/100 l) fand sich in der Leber exponierter Aale eine mittlere Pd-Konzentration von 0,18 ± 0,05 ng/g (FS). Sobald die z.Z. noch laufenden Expositionsversuche abgeschlossen sind, lässt sich auch für Pt und Rh die Frage der Bioverfügbarkeit quantifizieren und das Ausmaß der PGE Akkumulation einschätzen. Summary Following the introduction of automobile catalysts in the middle of the 80th there is an increasing emission of the platinum-group-elements (PGE) platinum, palladium and rhodium. Still, it remains unclear if these metals are bioavailable for aquatic organisms and to which extent they become accumulated by the biosphere. To answer these questions experimental studies were conducted with aquatic animals maintained in water containing road dust (10 kg/100 l). Results from a four weeks exposure study revealed for the first time an uptake of automobile catalyst emitted Pd by European eels which showed a mean liver Pd concentration of 0.18 ± 0.05 ng/g (wet weight). By the end of the present exposure studies also the bioavailability of Pt and Rh as well as the degree of the PGE accumulation will become clear

Effects of infection with Anguillicola crassus and simultaneous exposure with Cd and 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on the levels of cortisol and glucose in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

To investigate whether the stress response of European eels infected with Anguillicola crassus is influenced by environmental pollutants, experimentally infected eels were exposed to Cd and/or to 3,3′, 4,4′, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). Serum cortisol and glucose concentrations of these eels were monitored over a period of 103 days and were compared with data from infected, unexposed eels as well as with data from uninfected eels. Additionally, the levels of cortisol were correlated with concentrations of Anguillicola-specific antibodies. All eels showed an initial increase of the cortisol levels until day 63. This general elevation of plasma cortisol is most likely due to handling stress, as all eels were repeatedly netted and afterwards inoculated with a feeding tube. At the end of the exposure period eels which were infected and those which were infected and simultaneously exposed to Cd and PCB showed significantly higher levels than the controls. The general course of serum glucose levels in eels resembled that of cortisol. Accordingly, Spearman correlation analysis revealed that an increase in serum cortisol concentrations is correlated with rising levels of glucose. With respect to immune-endocrine interactions a significant negative correlation between cortisol and anti-A. crassus antibodies was found. Our data show that A. crassus is the most potent stressor for European eels among the treatments tested within this study. This is important in terms of ecotoxicological studies as the main effects are caused by parasites rather than chemicals. Accordingly, effects of parasites on the physiological homeostasis of organisms must be considered in ecotoxicology. From the parasitological point of view our results suggest that probably as part of an unbalanced host-parasite interaction A. crassus evokes a strong cortisol response in A. anguilla, thereby suppressing the immune response which in turn enables the parasite to establish. The parasite-induced stress response in the newly adopted European eel might be one of the factors which contributes to the extremely effective colonizing strategy of A. crassus

In Vitro Regeneration of Bamboo Species

This review paper discussed about journals related to micropropagation of bamboo species. In recent years, the application of tissue culture technique like in vitro micropropagation has been used to meet the demands for bamboo products. In the past 30 years, protocols for micropropagation of various bamboo species have been established by researchers from all over the world. The controlling factors for cultures such as the explants, culture medium, carbon sources, combination and concentration of plant growth regulators and other additional additives are varied amongst. The controlling factors are crucial in developing successful regeneration protocols for various bamboo species. This paper is attempted to review and summarize the available and up to date information regarding in vitro micropropagation of bamboos

Aufnahme und Anreicherung KFZ-bürtiger Platingruppenelemente durch Fische, ihre Endoparasiten und Muscheln

Zusammenfassung Die Aufnahme und Anreicherung der KFZ-bürtigen Platingruppenelemente (PGE) Pt, Pd und Rh durch aquatische Tiere wurde an Dreikantmuscheln sowie an Aalen und Barben einschließlich ihrer Darmparasiten untersucht. Hierzu wurden die Testorganismen in Wasser mit Straßenstaub einer stark befahrenen Straße oder mit Autokatalysatormaterial über mehrere Wochen exponiert. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes konnte erstmalig nachgewiesen werden, daß alle drei Metalle durch aquatische Organismen aufgenommen und angereichert werden. Dabei fand sich für Pd die höchste Bioverfügbarkeit, gefolgt von Pt und Rh. Weiterhin geht aus unseren Untersuchungen hervor, daß natürliche Wasserinhaltsstoffe die Aufnahme der PGE durch die Muscheln erhöhen. Nachweisbare PGE-Konzentrationen in den nicht exponierten Kontrollmuscheln, die dem Freiland entnommen wurden, zeigen die zunehmende Bedeutung dieser Metallemissionen für die Biosphäre. Summary The uptake and accumulation of the traffic related platinum group elements (PGE) Pt, Pd and Rh by the aquatic fauna was investigated. Zebra mussels as well as eel and barbel, both infected with intestinal parasites, were maintained in water containing either road dust or ground catalytic converter material. These exposure studies revealed that all three catalyst emitted metals were accumulated by aquatic organisms. The highest bioavailability was found for Pd followed by Pt and Rh. Presence of humic substances in the water enhances the uptake of metals by the mussels. Interestingly, also some of the unexposed animals contained PGE concentrations above the detection limit. This demonstrates the increasing relevance of traffic related metals for the biosphere