23 research outputs found
The Process of Economic Competition Between Socialism and Capitalism
In his report to the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Nikita S. Khrushchev stated that the chief content of the period since the 20th Party Congress has been the competition between the two world social systems: the socialist and capitalist systems.
Π Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ
The problem of secondary patenting of organic compounds that can undoubtedly be used as active pharmaceutical substances (APSs) is considered. Such compounds, their synthetic pathways, and potential applications as APSs are usually several years before obtaining official permission for using the related drugs in practical medicine. This time lag frequently stimulates attempts at illegal secondary patenting of these APSs by other applicants. These attempts can be successful because of a low level of patent expertise. As a rule, secondary patents contain non-confirmed experimental data and numerous errors that are indicative of the lack of proper professional skill of both new patent applicants and new experts. With a view to drawing the attention of scientific community to this problem, we consider examples of secondary patents that were granted for six vital drugs containing original APSs of abacavir sulfate, darunavir, dasatinib, lenalidomide, apalutamide, and enzalutamide. It is shown that the appearance of illegal secondary patents is impermissible from scientific, ethical, and legal viewpoints.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠ€Π‘) Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ€Π‘, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΠ€Π‘ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Ρ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° 6 ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ€Π‘: Π°Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Π²ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π°Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ±, Π»Π΅Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ΄, Π°ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ
On Secondary Patenting of Organic Compounds Suitable for use as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Secondary patenting of organic compounds that can undoubtedly be used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is discussed. As a rule, such compounds, their synthetic pathways, and potential applications as APIs are patented several years before official authorization to use medicines containing them is obtained. This time lag stimulates attempted illegal secondary patenting of such APIs by new applicants. These attempts can be successful because of the extremely low level of patent review. As a rule, secondary patents contain unconfirmed experimental data and numerous errors, indicating that the applicant and experts lack sufficient professional training. In order to draw the attention of the scientific community to the problem, various aspects of it are discussed below using as examples secondary patents granted for six vitally important drugs used as APIs: abacavir sulfate, darunavir, dasatinib, lenalidomide, apalutamide, and enzalutamide. The appearance of such patents is shown to be inadmissible from scientific, ethical, and legal viewpoints. Β© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature