Corpuscles of Stannius of freshwater catfish, Clarias Batrachus

O presente artigo estuda o número, localização e estrutura citológica dos corpúsculos de Stannius do bagre de água doce Clarias batrachus. Ocorre apenas um tipo celular e as células são eosina +, AF + e PAS +

Effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

This study investigated effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial (UBG) and parathyroid glands (PTG) of frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Frogs were treated with chlorpyrifos for short and long term and sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in short term and after 5.10, 15 and 30 days in long term. Chlorpyrifos exposure provokes   decrease  in    serum  calcium  levels  after  48 h which persists till 96 h. There is slight decrease in the nuclear volume of UBG cells and  cytoplasm depict weak staining response after 72 h. After 96 h these changes are more pronounced. PTG of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis exposed to chlorpyrifos exhibit no change till 96 h. Serum calcium decreases on day 10 after chlorpyrifos exposure which continue to fall progressively till 30 days. After 15 days chloryrifos exposure, nuclear volume of UBG exhibit decrease and follicular epithelium displays decrease in height. Follicular epithelium after 30 days chlorpyrifos exposure reduces to the extent that it becomes single layered. Few degenerating cells have been discerned. At this interval nuclear volume of ultimobranchial cells exhibits a further decrease. PTG of chlorpyrifos treated frog depicts increased nuclear volume of PTG at 10 and 15 days. The nuclei of PTG are hyperchromatic and the gland becomes compact at 15 days. After 30 days following chlorpyrifos treatment nuclear volume exhibits further increase. Also degenerating cells make their appearance. Calcium regulating glands UBG and PTG of frogs were adversely affected by exposure to chlorpyrifos which may disturb the physiological functions of the organism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.400415

Jamun seed and orange peel extracts protects effects of microcystin LR on serum calcium and phosphate of rats

Wistar rats were treated as Group A: Control; Group B: microcystin LR (MCLR); Group C: microcystin LR and jamun seed extract (MCLR+JSE); Group D: microcystin LR and orange peel extract (MCLR+OPE); Group E: orange peel extract (OPE); Group F: jamun seed extract (JSE). MCLR dose was 10 µg/kg body wt/day whereas OPE and JSE dose was 200 mg/kg body wt/day. Serum calcium and phosphate were analyzed on 15 and 30 day. Serum calcium of rat exposed  for 15 day to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE decreased. Although there is little increase in levels of group C and group D  but treatment with OPE and JSE is not able to completely restore decreased calcium levels caused by MCLR. After 30 day calcium decreased after MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE treatment. Levels in group E and F remain unaltered. Levels in group C and D exhibit elevation as compared to group B which indicates that treatment with OPE and JSE recovered calcium. Serum phosphate decreased after 15 day in MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE  treated rats. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and group D (compared with group E) show decrease. After 30 day exposure to MCLR; MCLR+JSE and MCLR+OPE phosphate levels decreased. Levels of group C and D when compared with group B are increased. Phosphate levels of group C (compared with group F) and D (compared with group E) are decreased. This indicates that OPE and JSE treatment provoked some recovery of phosphate levels. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.394065

Estradiol Affects Prolactin Producing Cells and Calcium levels in a Teleost, Heteropneustesfossilis, Kept in Different Calcium Concentrations

Background: This study investigated the effects of estradiol on plasma calcium and prolactin cells of Heteropneustes fossilis kept in calcium-deficient and normal freshwater. Methods: Fish were deprived of food and divided into groups A-D. Group A and B were kept in artificial freshwater with normal electrolytes. Group C and D were maintained in calcium-deficient freshwater. Vehicle was administered to groups A and C. Groups B and D were injected with estradiol. Plasma calcium levels and prolactin cells were studied after 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days. Results: Normal-calcium freshwater: In group A calcium levels remained unaffected. In group B, estradiol provoked hypercalcemia from day 3 to 10 although calcium decreased after day 15. Prolactin cells in group B became degranulated after 10day. Nuclear volume increased from day 10 onwards. Calcium-deficient freshwater: Calcium levels in group C decreased from day 1 to 3 thereafter increased from day 5 to 15. Plasma calcium of group D increased from day 3 to 15. In group C prolactin cells exhibited hyperactivity on day 3 and degranulation on day 5. Nuclear volume increased from day 5 onwards. On day 10 and 15 certain cells became degenerated. In group D degranulation of prolactin cells began on day 3 which proceeded to complete degranulation on day 10. Nuclear volume increased from day 5 onwards. Conclusions: Estradiol enhanced prolactin production and increased blood calcium in food-deprived fishes kept in calcium-deficient medium suggesting that calcium needed for elevation of blood calcium was derived from internal sources

Acute Toxicity of an Organophosphate Insecticide Chlorpyrifos to an Anuran, Rana cyanophlyctis

Background: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that elicits broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of important arthropod pests. Determining the insecticides’ toxicity to amphibians can give us a better understanding regarding the role of toxicants in amphibian declines. This information would be beneficial to assess their ecological relevance at environmental concentrations. The present study assessed toxicity of chlorpyrifos to an anuran Rana cyanophlyctis. Methods: For the determination of LC50 values for chlorpyrifos, four-day static renewal acute toxicity test was used. Five replicates each containing ten frogs were subjected to each concentration of chlorpyrifos (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mg/L) for the test. Mortality of the frog at different exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) was subjected to Probit analysis with the POLO-PC software (LeOra Software) to calculate the LC50 and 95% confidence level. Results: The LC50 values of chlorpyrifos for the frog R. cyanophlyctis at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 8.252, 7.254, 6.247 and 4.993mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Mortality has been noticed in chlorpyrifos treated frogs related to the decline in amphibian population. Therefore, chlorpyrifos should not be used near water reservoirs

Alterations in the Corpuscles of Stannius of Euphorbia royleana Treated Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis

Background: We aimed to evaluate effect of Euphorbia royleana exposure on histocytology of corpuscles of Stannius in fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Methods: Fish were subjected to 2.47 mg/L and 0.618 mg/L of E. royleana for short-term and long-term exposure, respectively. Blood samples were collected on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in short-term and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 d in long-term experiment and analyzed for serum calcium levels. Corpuscles of Stannius were fixed on these intervals. Results: Serum calcium levels of H. fossilis decline progressively from 48 h until 96 h following the E. royleana exposures. Serum calcium levels decreased on 7 d. This decrease continued until close of the experiment. After 96 h treatment, AF–positive cells of CS exhibit increased granulation. Nuclear volume of these cells exhibited no change throughout short-term treatment. Increased nuclear volume of AF– negative cells of CS is noticed at 96 h. Nuclear volume of AF-positive cells decreases after 14 d and onwards. The AF–positive cells exhibit increased granulation following 21 d exposure. After 28 d these changes are intensified and few degenerating cells have been encountered. AF–negative cells of CS increase in their nuclear volume 21 d onwards. Conclusion: The botanical pesticide induced severe changes in the corpuscles of Stannius of catfish. This gland controls the calcium level in fish and thus the use of E. royleana should not be done near water reservoirs

Short CommunicationAcute toxicity of cadmium against catfish Heteropneustes Fossilis (Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae) in static renewal bioassays

Static renewal evaluation of the acute toxicity of Cadmium Chloride against the freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis was conducted in the laboratory. The 96h LC50 was in the low mg/l range (by international protocols). Probit-log analysis was used to determine the LC50 values at different exposure periods. The upper and lower confidence limits and slope functions were calculated. The LC50 values for Cadmium Chloride at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h are 620.34, 414.59, 384.88 and 360.50 mg/l, respectively. The upper confidence limits were 645.59, 433.27, 394.72 and 380.32 mg/l for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and lower confidence limits were 595.33, 395.87, 374.34 and 337.55 mg/l, respectively.Keywords/phrases: Bioassay, Cadmium, Catfish, Heavy metal, ToxicityEthiop. J. Biol. Sci., 7(2): 185-191, 200

Acute Toxicity Of Euphorbia Royleana Boiss (Euphorbiaceae) latex on freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes Fossilis (Siluriformes, Heteropneustidae) Toxicidad aguda del látex de Euphorbia royleana Boiss (Euphorbiaceae) en el bagre de agua dulce, Heteropneutes fossilis (Siluriformes, Heteropneustidae)

An acute toxicity test was performed by using a four-day static renewal test to determine the LC50 value of aqueous extract of Euphorbia royleana latex for the freshwater fsh, Heteropneustes fossilis. The LC50 values, their upper and lower confdence limits and slope functions were calculated. The LC50 values for aqueous extract of Euphorbia royleana latex at various exposure periods were 7.758 mg/L for 24 h, 5.847 mg/L for 48 h, 4.474 mg/L for 72 h and 3.090 mg/L for 96 h. The regression coeffcient showed that there was signifcant negative correlation between exposure time and different LC values. Hence, it is concluded that the concentration to produce toxicity of latex of Euphorbia royleana is comparable and close to the concentration to produce toxicity of synthetic organophosphates pesticides for the fsh H. fossilis. Therefore, adequate precautions must be taken when Euphorbia royleana latex is being used near fsh- inhabited areas.<br>La prueba de la toxicidad aguda fue realizada utilizando un test estático con renovación, de cuatro días de duración, para determinar el valor de la CL50 de un extracto acuoso del látex de Euphorbia royleana, en el pez de agua dulce Heteropneustes fossilis. Se calcularon el valor de la CL50, los límites de confanza máximo y mínimo y la pendiente. Los valores de la CL50 para el extracto acuoso del látex en varios períodos de exposición fueron 7,758 mg/L para 24 h, 5,847 mg/L para 48 h, 4,474 mg/L para 72 h y 3,090 mg/L para 96 h. El coefciente de regresión mostró una correlación negativa signifcativa entre el tiempo de exposición y diferentes valores de la CL50. Se concluye que la concentración del látex de E. royleana que produce toxicidad es comparable y cercana a la de los plaguicidas sintéticos organofosforados para el pez H. fossilis. Por lo tanto, se deben tomar precauciones adecuadas cuando el látex de E. royleana es utilizado cerca de áreas donde habita el pez H. fossilis

Effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial and parathyroid glands of Indian skipper frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

This study investigated effects of chlorpyrifos on ultimobranchial (UBG) and parathyroid glands (PTG) of frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Frogs were treated with chlorpyrifos for short and long term and sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in short term and after 5.10, 15 and 30 days in long term. Chlorpyrifos exposure provokes   decrease  in    serum  calcium  levels  after  48 h which persists till 96 h. There is slight decrease in the nuclear volume of UBG cells and  cytoplasm depict weak staining response after 72 h. After 96 h these changes are more pronounced. PTG of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis exposed to chlorpyrifos exhibit no change till 96 h. Serum calcium decreases on day 10 after chlorpyrifos exposure which continue to fall progressively till 30 days. After 15 days chloryrifos exposure, nuclear volume of UBG exhibit decrease and follicular epithelium displays decrease in height. Follicular epithelium after 30 days chlorpyrifos exposure reduces to the extent that it becomes single layered. Few degenerating cells have been discerned. At this interval nuclear volume of ultimobranchial cells exhibits a further decrease. PTG of chlorpyrifos treated frog depicts increased nuclear volume of PTG at 10 and 15 days. The nuclei of PTG are hyperchromatic and the gland becomes compact at 15 days. After 30 days following chlorpyrifos treatment nuclear volume exhibits further increase. Also degenerating cells make their appearance. Calcium regulating glands UBG and PTG of frogs were adversely affected by exposure to chlorpyrifos which may disturb the physiological functions of the organism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.400415