TCP – Random Early Detection (RED) mechanism for Congestion Control

This thesis discusses the Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm, proposed by Sally Floyd, used for congestion avoidance in computer networking, how existing algorithms compare to this approach and the configuration and implementation of the Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) variation. RED uses a probability approach in order to calculate the probability that a packet will be dropped before periods of high congestion, relative to the minimum and maximum queue threshold, average queue length, packet size and the number of packets since the last drop. The motivation for this thesis has been the high QoS provided to current delay-sensitive applications such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP) by the incorporation of congestion avoidance algorithms derived from the original RED design [45]. The WRED variation of RED is not directly invoked on the VoIP class because congestion avoidance mechanisms are not configured for voice queues. WRED is instead used to prioritize other traffic classes in order to avoid congestion to provide and guarantee high quality of service for voice traffic [43][44]. The most notable simulations performed for the RED algorithm in comparison to the Tail Drop (TD) and Random Drop (RD) algorithms have been detailed in order to show that RED is much more advantageous in terms of congestion control in a network. The WRED, Flow RED (FRED) and Adaptive RED (ARED) variations of the RED algorithm have been detailed with emphasis on WRED. Details of the concepts of forwarding classes, output queues, traffic policies, traffic classes, class maps, schedulers, scheduler maps, and DSCP classification shows that the WRED feature is easily configurable on tier-1 vendor routers

Učenje na daljavo v arhitekturnem izobraževanju med covidom-19

Distance learning is one of the means of education used in various levels, from primary school to college. However, distance learning in architectural education differs from other disciplines, as architectural education is design-based with predominantly applied courses. As the spring semester of the 2019/20 academic year had to continue online due to the Covid-19 pandemic and it remained uncertain whether or when face-to-face (FtF) education will start till the end of the term, the necessity to focus on online education suddenly raised in architectural faculties. This study aims to start a discussion on how to proceed with online architectural education, focusing on quality, defining the fundamentals, and proposing suggestions within this scope. In order to achieve this aim, research on the evaluation of the existing distance learning platforms of universities, the differences between the implementations of theoretical and applied courses, the advantages and disadvantages of the process are made. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature review on universities that provide fully online, hybrid and conventional (FtF) education throughout the world is conducted, given and discussed in the paper. After the research on ongoing processes, a case study to determine the experiences, opinions and approaches of students and academic staff with the scope of emergency remote teaching is designed and conducted. Together with the findings of the review and the case study, the challenges, strengths and opportunities of online architectural education are discussed and evaluated with a focus on maintaining and raising the quality of the education. In conclusion, suggestions and proposals are made and presented to be applied and developed in architecture faculties’ future online education experiences. (DIPF/Orig.

Accessibility Awareness among Architecture Students: Design Thinking Evaluations in Yildiz Technical University

AbstractSocial responsibility of an architect is what an architecture student has to internalize, as the profession is a powerful tool for inclusion ‘of all’ people. This paper aims to discuss how to integrate ‘universal design’ to the design thinking of architecture students. As the root of the problem is ‘awareness’, a method was set to integrate ‘accessibility criteria’ via raising awareness. A pre-evaluation of accessibility awareness was conducted. After a series of awareness activities, a post-evaluation was made. The findings and results bring many ideas about the ways of raising accessibility awareness among architecture students

What is a smart office environment? An exploratory study from a user perspective

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the meaning of smart office environments from a user perspective by investigating user preferences and expectations. Design/methodology/approach: Eleven semi-structured interviews with the users after moving into a smart office building of a Dutch Municipality and an observation as complementary data were conducted. The data were analysed based on the grounded theory and thematic analysis, combining a reflexive approach to the literature review. Findings: Two main themes were revealed addressing user expectations and preferences for smart office environments: “enhanced interaction” with the social and physical office environment and “sense-making” of the smart concept (or smartness). Within these themes, basic and smart office aspects were identified and classified based on their association with smart office concepts or technology. Practical implications: The findings reveal the meaning of the smart office concepts from a user perspective by highlighting the importance of user experience on enhanced interaction and sense-making of the smart office concept, equipped with basic and smart aspects. Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to qualitatively examine drivers underlying the meaning of smart office concepts from a user point of view. Organisations, environmental psychologists, designers and managers can use the findings of this study to develop guidelines for a successful smart office design

Evaluation of skin test indications for general anesthetics in real life: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In daily practice, atopic patients and those who have other drug allergies are referred to allergy clinics for evaluation of possible general anesthetic allergy despite the fact that it is not recommended in recent guidelines. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective study is to determine the negative predictive value of skin tests for common general anesthetic drugs prior to general anesthesia in atopic patients and in patients who had drug allergies by including the data of those who had previously tolerated or reacted to general anesthesia. METHODS: A database program was constituted to collect the preoperative skin test data of patients referred to our clinic between 2013 and 2018. Demographic and clinical history, medications implemented during perioperative period, reactions, and results of skin tests performed with anesthetic drugs and latex were evaluated. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-nine out of the total 1167 patients referred fulfilled the inclusion criteria for further evaluation. Nearly 75% of the patients were female and mean age was 46.3 ± 14.3 years. History of hypersensitivity reactions (HRs) due to NSAIDs and/or antibiotics, radiocontrast agents, local anesthetics, and food were present in the 53.1%, 4.1%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively. The negative predictive values of skin tests for general anesthetics were in the range of 80–100%. Only 4 patients (0,87%) experienced HRs during operation. CONCLUSION: These real-life data reveal high rates of negative predictive value of skin tests with general anesthetic drugs and a low reaction rate in atopic patients and in patients with allergy to other drugs