Influence of Environmental and Personal Variables of Motivation on Creativity

Cultivating creativity is considered as a prominent curricular goal for the preparation for the future which might have more new information and technology and more challenge. Creative ideation reflects how individual uses appreciate ideas, and it can be a universal component of creativity, in that creativity at all levels involves ideation (Runco, Plucker, & Lim, 2001). The most efficient way to cultivate people's ideation is motivating them to be creative in their everyday life as well as in specific context. It is crucial to explore what motivational theory or variables can explain ideational behaviors and improve them. Achievement goal orientation theory focus on the types of goal individuals pursue in achievement situations (Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Maehr, 1989; Urdan & Midgley, 2003). Different goals results in different behaviors (Urdan & Midgley, 2003). Individual need for autonomy is related to achievement motivation (Grolnick, 2002; Grolnick, Deci, & Ryan, 1981; 1997). Autonomy-supportive contexts are associated with more intrinsic motivation (Deci, Schwartz, Sheinman, & Ryan, 1981). The purpose of this study was to investigate how school and parent environment in terms of goal orientation and autonomy support affect college students' ideational behaviors through the mediation effect of students' personal achievement goal orientation. The participants were 1164 college students, and the data was analyzed using the Structure Equation Modeling. The full structural model of school influence on ideational behaviors explained 12% (R² = .12, p < .001), and the full structural model of parental influence on ideational behaviors explained 14% of the variance of ideational behaviors (R² = .14, p < .001). This study yielded the following primary findings. First, students' ideational behaviors were affected by both students' personal goal orientation and their perceptions of school environment and parenting (e.g., perceived school goal structures and autonomy support; perceived parents' goal orientation and autonomy support). Second, students' personal achievement goals were shaped by their perception of school and parental motivational variables. Third, the effect of perceived school goal structures and parental goal orientation on students' ideational behaviors was partially mediated by students' personal goal orientation. Fourth, the association between autonomy supportive environments and students' ideational behaviors were fully mediated by students' personal goal orientation.School of Hotel and Restaurant Administratio

Vitamin A status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area, Korea

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes (mean ± SD) were 887.77 ± 401.35 µg retinol equivalents or 531.84 ± 226.42 µg retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was 175.92 ± 129.87 µg/day. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P < 0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were 3,828.37 ± 2,196.29 µg/day β-carotene, 472.57 ± 316.68 µg/day α-carotene, and 412.83 ± 306.46 µg/day β-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was 1.22 ± 0.34 µmol/L. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < 0.70 µmol/L indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < 1.05 µmol/L, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study

Metal–Organic Framework@Microporous Organic Network: Hydrophobic Adsorbents with a Crystalline Inner Porosity

This work reports the synthesis and application of metal–organic framework (MOF)@microporous organic network (MON) hybrid materials. Coating a MOF, UiO-66-NH₂, with MONs forms hybrid microporous materials with hydrophobic surfaces. The original UiO-66-NH₂ shows good wettability in water. In comparison, the MOF@MON hybrid materials float on water and show excellent performance for adsorption of a model organic compound, toluene, in water. Chemical etching of the MOF results in the formation of hollow MON materials

Magnetically Separable Microporous Fe–Porphyrin Networks for Catalytic Carbene Insertion into N–H Bonds

Microporous organic networks (MONs) are a new class of porous materials. This work shows the application of MON chemistry for the preparation of magnetically separable catalytic systems. By the Sonogashira coupling of Fe^III–tetrakis­(4-ethynylphenyl)­porphyrin and 1,4-diiodobenzene, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were coated successfully with Fe–porphyrin networks. The average thickness of the homogeneous coating was ∼17 nm. According to the powder X-ray diffraction and N₂ isotherm analyses, the Fe–porphyrin network coating exhibited amorphous and microporous characteristics. The microporous Fe–porphyrin networks on the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles showed good catalytic performance for carbene insertion into the N–H bond of amines. The catalytic systems were easily recycled from the reaction mixture by magnetic separation. We believe that the synthetic strategy in this work can be extended to the various catalytic systems

Hollow Microporous Organic Networks Bearing Triphenylamines and Anthraquinones: Diffusion Pathway Effect in Visible Light-Driven Oxidative Coupling of Benzylamines

Hollow microporous organic networks were prepared by using silica spheres as the template and tris­(4-ethynylphenyl)­amine and 2,6-diiodo-9,10-anthraquinone as the building blocks for the Sonogashira coupling. The resultant materials bearing triphenylamine and anthraquinone moieties showed efficient visible light absorption and catalytic activities in the photochemical oxidative coupling of benzylamines. Through the comparison studies of hollow and nonhollow catalytic materials, the diffusion pathway effect of the substrates was clearly observed in the photochemical conversion of benzylamines

Hollow and Microporous Zn–Porphyrin Networks: Outer Shape Dependent Ammonia Sensing by Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Hollow and Microporous Zn–Porphyrin Networks: Outer Shape Dependent Ammonia Sensing by Quartz Crystal Microbalanc