Stock Repurchase Agreements: Close Corporation Use of Designee Provision Permits Repurchase Despite Insufficient Earned Surplus

Statistical random number testing is a well studied field focusing on pseudo-random number generators, that is to say algorithms that produce random-looking sequences of numbers. These generators tend to have certain kinds of flaws, which have been exploited through rigorous testing. Such testing has led to advancements, and today pseudo random number generators are both very high-speed and produce seemingly random numbers. Recent advancements in quantum physics have opened up new doors, where products called quantum random number generators that produce acclaimed true randomness have emerged. Of course, scientists want to test such randomness, and turn to the old tests used for pseudo random number generators to do this. The main question this thesis seeks to answer is if publicly available such tests are good enough to evaluate a quantum random number generator. We also seek to compare sequences from such generators with those produced by state of the art pseudo random number generators, in an attempt to compare their quality. Another potential problem with quantum random number generators is the possibility of them breaking without the user knowing. Such a breakdown could have dire consequences. For example, if such a generator were to control the output of a slot machine, an malfunction could cause the machine to generate double earnings for a player compared to what was planned. Thus, we look at the possibilities to implement live tests to quantum random number generators, and propose such tests. Our study has covered six commonly available tools for random number testing, and we show that in particular one of these stands out in that it has a series of tests that fail our quantum random number generator as not random enough, despite passing an pseudo random number generator. This implies that the quantum random number generator behave differently from the pseudo random number ones, and that we need to think carefully about how we test, what we expect from an random sequence and what we want to use it for.Statistisk slumptalstestning är ett väl studerat ämne som fokuserar på så kallade pseudoslumpgeneatorer, det vill säga algorithmer som producerar slump-liknande sekvenser med tal. Sådana generatorer tenderar att ha vissa defekter, som har exploaterats genom rigorös tesning. Sådan testning har lett till framsteg och idag är pseudoslumpgeneratorer både otroligt snabba och producerar till synes slumpade tal. Framsteg inom kvantfysiken har lett till utvecklingen av kvantslumpgeneratorer, som producerar vad som hävdas vara äkta slump. Självklart vill forskare utvärdera sådan slump, och har då vänt sig till de gamla testerna som utvecklats för pseudoslumpgeneratorer. Den här uppsatsen söker utvärdera hurvida allmänt tillgängliga slumptester är nog bra för att utvärdera kvantslumpgeneratorer. Vi jämför även kvantslumpsekvenser med pseudoslumpsekvenser för att se om dessa väsentligen skiljer sig från varandra och på vilket sätt. Ett annat potentiellt problem med kvantslumpgeneratorer är möjligheten att dessa går sönder under drift. Om till exempel en kvantslumpgenerator används för att slumpgenerera resultatet hos en enarmad bandit kan ett fel göra så att maskinen ger dubbel vinst för en spelare jämfört med planerat. Därmed ser vi över möjligheten att implementera live-tester i kvantslumpgeneratorer, och föreslår några sådana tester. Vår studie har täckt sex allmänt tillgängliga verktyg för slumptalstestning, och vi visar att i synnerhet ett av dessa står ut på så sätt att det har en serie av tester som slumptalen från vår kvantslumpgenerator inte anser är nog slumpade. Trots det visar samma test att sekvensen från pseudoslumpgeneratorerna är bra nog. Detta antyder att kvantslumpgeneratorn beter sig annorlunda mot pseudoslumpgeneratorerna, och att vi behöver tänka över ordentligt kring hur vi testar slumpgeneratorer, vad vi förväntar oss att få ut och hurvida detta påverkar det vi skall använda slumpgeneratorn till

CO luminosity - line width correlation of sub-millimeter galaxies and a possible cosmological application

Context. A possible correlation between CO luminosity (L_CO ) and its line width (FWHM) has been suggested and denied in the literature. Such claims were often based on a small, or heterogeneous sample of galaxies, and thus inconclusive. Aims. We aim to prove or dis-prove the L_CO -FWHM correlation. Methods. We compile a large sample of submm galaxies at z>2 from the literature, and investigate the L_CO-FWHM relation. Results. After carefully evaluating the selection effects and uncertainties such as inclination and magnification via gravitational lensing, we show that there exist a weak but significant correlation between L_CO and FWHM. We also discuss a feasibility to measure the cosmological distance using the correlation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. A related video is at https://youtu.be/scWMFurOJi

RePEc and S-WoPEc: Internet access to electronic preprints in Economics

The first electronic Economics preprint appeared in 1993. Since then the growth has been dramatic as the use of the World Wide Web has exploded. RePEc has been instrumental in facilitating access to Economics preprints and in bringing order to the chaos that the WWW frequently represents. In a related effort S-WoPEc provides user friendly tools for adding data to the RePEc system. While this is significant in itself it has also been instrumental in fulfilling S-WoPEc's second goal--to provide increased exposure to Swedish Economics research