Groundwater Quality in India Distribution, Social Burden and Mitigation Experiences

A variety of quality issues affect groundwater in India. The reasons for these quality problems are rooted to groundwater exploitation, external contamination from point/non-point sources and natural geogenic processes. Biological and chemical contamination of water account for a massive disease burden on society leading to child mortality, labor loss due to recurring disease, chronic ailments, etc. The impact of some of these problems is exacerbated due to current hygiene, malnutrition and poverty status of the people. The key problems can be pointed out as – biological contamination, fluoride, salinity, nitrate and iron problems, and industrial contamination. Apart from these, other quality problems such as strontium, heavy elements, etc., also exist and interact with these wider-spread problems. One of the main challenges we face is the lack of good and vast geological understanding of the distribution of these contaminants. Since the current network of quality measurements is highly insufficient, numerous civil society initiatives have emerged attempting to involve community in monitoring water quality. Some understanding has emerged out of this, but the quality of these measurements and kits are sometimes in question. The social burden of some of these quality problems has been documented by research studies. Problems such as fluorosis impose a massive social cost which can be a significant part of the income. On an already malnutritioned population, fluorosis and arsenicosis add to health complication leading to severity which otherwise would not be observed in healthy individuals. The loss to agricultural productivity from water quality problems arises especially in salinity affected areas. In iron-affected areas, pipes and wells can be affected. Kidney stone, a root cause of which is poor hydration, is also a major health burden. Mitigation measures are possible for each of these quality problems. In many cases, however, there is interaction between quality problems such as those with iron-arsenic-fluoride (Assam), salinity-fluoride (Saurashtra, Gujarat) and say, biological-arsenic (WB). Therefore, we need a region-specific typological approach that considers the particular characteristic problem of the area. There are good successful cases for several of these mitigation issues – watershed-based measures along the coast for salinity in Saurashtra, RO plants in affluent areas across the country, rain water harvesting for assuring safe drinking water, referral hospitals for particular problems such as fluorosis, low cost filters for fluoride, arsenic, etc. As a good response to all these problems, what we need is integration of efforts – across different disciplines such as geology, health, technology and management; across different departments such as public health, water supply, education, rural development; across tiers of the government and Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs), across public and private institutions. Water quality management needs to enterinto every aspect of governance in order to achieve an overall impact

Groundwater situation in urban India: overview, opportunities and challenges

In Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Shah, Tushaar; Malik, R. P. S. (Eds.). Strategic Analyses of the National River Linking Project (NRLP) of India, Series 1: India?s water future: scenarios and issues. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI

Impacts of groundwater contamination with fluoride and arsenic: affliction severity, medical cost and wage loss in some villages of India

In India, high fluoride concentration in groundwater (greater than 1 mg/l) is widespread in the arid to semi-arid western states of Rajasthan and Gujarat and in the southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. A field research study conducted at six areas severely affected by fluorosis shows that affordability of safer drinking water is related to higher income level, and that the severity of fluorosis affliction is higher for lower income levels. The cost incurred on medicines and loss of wages is a significant proportion of the earnings and has a general debilitating impact on the affected families. As compared with fluorosis, the skin afflictions of arsenicosis carry greater social stigma and patients incur higher costs. In Nadia district of West Bengal, the impacts of arsenic contamination are more severe with increasing age. Cumulatively, over the entire afflicted population, both fluoride and arsenic contamination have a high cost on society and addressing the problem would require more attention from government agencies and society apart from individual awareness

Determinants of group performance of women-led agro-processing self-help groups in Kerala

Factors determining the group performance of women-led self-help groups (SHGs) engaged in agroprocessing organized under Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) in Kerala have been studied following the multi-stage purposive and random sampling technique in the Thrissur district. It has been observed that socio-economic variables like age, education, market perception, economic motivation, attitude towards self-employment, management-orientation, risk-orientation, innovativeness and information-seeking behaviour influence the group performance of SHGs. The BPL women in SGSY-SHGs of the performing groups are around 30 years of age, with middle school level education. Education and age of respondents have negative correlation on group leadership. The group stability has been determined by factors like group cohesion, group leadership, team spirit, group decision-making and regularity in maintenance of records. Correlation analysis between group performance and socio-economic characters has revealed that management-orientation has a positive and significant influence on all the determinants of group performance, followed by information-seeking behaviour, knowledge about processing, market perception and economic motivation. The parameters like age of respondent, education of spouse, attitude towards self-employment and innovativeness have been found least influential on group performance. The study has indicated the need of providing training on management and technical aspects as well as provision of market infrastructure to the SHGs so that they could become competitive in the market