Sawdust from spruce (Picea abies) as substrate for production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)

Sedan slutet av 1900-talet har intresset för matsvamp som en källa till näring och nya kulinariska upplevelser ständigt ökat, inte bara globalt utan även i Sverige. I samband med det ökade intresset för matsvamp har delikatessvamp som ostronskivling, shiitake med flera introducerats direkt till konsumenter och fått ett allt större erkännande av dem. I takt med att intresset för matsvamp har ökat bland konsumenter så har även intresset för att odla matsvamp ökat, särskilt intresset för att odla vednedbrytande svamparter. Trots det stora intresset för att odla matsvamp, och en mycket stor tillgång på odlingssubstrat i form av sågspån, finns det idag ingen svensk tillverkning av odlingssubstrat för svampodling. Odlare är istället beroende av import av odlingssubstrat bestående av material som det redan finns tillgång till i Sverige, vilket verkar som ett onödigt transporterande. I denna studie undersöktes möjligheten av att använda sågspån av gran (Picea abies) som substrat vid odling av blek ostronskivling (Pleurotus pulmonarius) som här representerar vednedbrytande svampar. Inom svampodlingen idag är sågspån från många olika lövträd rekommenderade som substrat vid odling av vednedbrytande matsvampar medan barrträd vanligtvis inte rekommenderas. Någon vetenskaplig grund till varför barrträd skulle vara sämre som odlingssubstrat än lövträd tycks inte finnas men slutsatsen tycks vara dragen ur odlingspraxis och tradition. Studien visade att blek ostronskivling går att odla på ett granbaserat odlingssubstrat vilket är ett resultat som visar på stora möjligheter för framtiden särskilt med tanke på Sveriges stora tillgångar av gran och den svenska träindustrin. Fortsatt forskning kommer förmodligen att krävas för att verifiera resultaten och utveckla substrattillverkningen för att göra svensk substrattillverkning ekonomiskt lönsam. Om en sådan utveckling lyckas finns det potential att mångdubbla den svenska produktionen av vednedbrytande matsvampar genom användning av restprodukter från den svenska träindustrin som idag ofta eldas för uppvärmning.Since the end of the 18th century the interest for edible mushrooms as a source of nutrients and new culinary adventures has increased, not only internationally but also in Sweden. In connection to the increased interest for edible mushrooms has delicacy mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms and shiitake been introduced to the consumer and they have been appreciated. Parallel with the growing interest for edible mushrooms among consumers the interest for production of edible mushrooms has also gained ground and especially production of wood decaying delicacy mushrooms. Despite the interest in production of edible mushrooms and the large available assets of growing substrate in form of sawdust there exists no, or only very small, production of mushroom substrate in Sweden today. Growers are instead dependent on imported growing substrate. This leads to unnecessary transportation. In this study the possibility of using sawdust from spruce (Picea abies) as a substrate for cultivation of phoenix oyster (Pleurotus pulmonarius), a representative of wood decaying mushrooms, was investigated. Within the general praxis of growing mushrooms today are many common deciduous tree species recommended as substrate for cultivation of edible wood decaying mushrooms and conifer tree species are usually not recommended. The recommendation not to use conifer wood for cultivating edible mushrooms does not seem to have much of a scientific background and is probably a result from growing praxis and traditions. The result of this study demonstrated that phoenix oyster can be grown on a substrate from spruce which gives great opportunities for the future of substrate production in Sweden. Especially if you have in mind the large assets of spruce in Sweden and the Swedish timber industry. Continued research will be needed to verify the results and to improve the design of the substrate before it could be profitable. However, if succeeded sawdust from spruce has the potential to multiply the Swedish production of edible mushrooms many times over

Tallens produktionspotential på dikad och gödslad torvmark i Sverige

Produktionen av tall (Pinus sylvestris) på torvmark, mätt i m3sk/år, undersöktes och jämfördes med den förväntade produktionshöjningen som kan ske då de bonitetshöjande åtgärderna dikning och gödsling tillämpas i större omfattning än vad som sker idag. För beräkning av arealer är data främst hämtad från Riksskogstaxeringens inventeringar under perioderna 197888, 19972001 och 20032007. Ett klassificeringssystem (Hånell, 2008) som anger torvmarkernas dikningsbonitet, användes för att fastställa den förmodade produktionsökningen. På grund av skiftande växtförutsättningar delades landet in i fyra regioner med olika genomsnittliga värden på temperatursumman, så att en rättvisande bild kunde ges av de naturgivna produktionsförutsäyyningarna. För gödslingseffekten användes värden utarbetade av Holmen (1980). Resultaten visar att en stor produktionsökning är möjlig efter bästa tänkbara behandling, d.v.s. väl utförd dränering och tillförsel av behövliga växtnäringsämnen. Produktionen blir totalt cirka 3,5 gånger så stor jämfört med nuvarande nivå. Störst absolut och relativ ökning uppnåddes i Norra Norrland, där effekten av behandlingarna visserligen är mindre, men där också arealerna torvmark är betydligt större än i resten av landet.The growth and yield of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) on peatland, expressed as m3sk/yr, was tested and compared with the forecasted growth increase following drainage and fertilization when these two measures were applied in a larger scale than today. Area calculations were based on Swedish National Forest Inventories (SNFI) data from 197888, 19972001 and 20032007. Postdrainage forest productivity was determined via the site classification system for peatlands (Hånell, 2008). A slight modification of the grouping of site types was required due to the classification used by the SNFI. The country was divided into four temperature sum regions in a northsouth gradient, with varying conditions for forest growth, For calculation of fertilization effect, values prepared by Holmen (1980) were used. The results show that a large production increase can be achieved after best possible treatment, i.e. well performed drainage and amendment of reguired plant nutrients. The production will be about 3,5 times greater then the current growth level. The largest absolute and relative increase was achived in Northern Norrland where growth responses to treatments are smaller, but where the peatland areas are considerably larger than in other regions

The conceptual imperfection of aquatic risk assessment tests : highlighting the need for tests designed to detect therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical contaminants

Standardized ecotoxicological tests still constitute the fundamental tools when doing risk-assessment of aquatic contaminants. These protocols are managed towards minimal mortality in the controls, which is not representative for natural systems where mortality is often high. This methodological bias, generated from assays where mortality in the control group is systematically disregarded, makes it difficult to measure therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical contaminants leading to lower mortality. This is of concern considering that such effects on exposed organisms still may have substantial ecological consequences. In this paper, we illustrate this conceptual problem by presenting empirical data for how the therapeutic effect of Oxazepam-a common contaminant of surface waters-lower mortality rates among exposed Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) from wild populations, at two different life stages. We found that fry hatched from roe that had been exposed to dilute concentrations (1.1 +/- 0.3 mu g l(-1)) of Oxazepam for 24 h 3-6 days prior to hatching showed lower mortality rates and increased activity 30 days after hatching. Similar effects, i.e. increased activity and lower mortality rates were also observed for 2-year old perch exposed to dilute Oxazepam concentrations (1.2 +/- 0.4 mu g l(-1)). We conclude that therapeutic effects from pharmaceutical contaminants need to be considered in risk assessment assays to avoid that important ecological effects from aquatic contaminants are systematically missed

The conceptual imperfection of aquatic risk assessment tests : highlighting the need for tests designed to detect therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical contaminants

Standardized ecotoxicological tests still constitute the fundamental tools when doing risk-assessment of aquatic contaminants. These protocols are managed towards minimal mortality in the controls, which is not representative for natural systems where mortality is often high. This methodological bias, generated from assays where mortality in the control group is systematically disregarded, makes it difficult to measure therapeutic effects of pharmaceutical contaminants leading to lower mortality. This is of concern considering that such effects on exposed organisms still may have substantial ecological consequences. In this paper, we illustrate this conceptual problem by presenting empirical data for how the therapeutic effect of Oxazepam-a common contaminant of surface waters-lower mortality rates among exposed Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) from wild populations, at two different life stages. We found that fry hatched from roe that had been exposed to dilute concentrations (1.1 +/- 0.3 mu g l(-1)) of Oxazepam for 24 h 3-6 days prior to hatching showed lower mortality rates and increased activity 30 days after hatching. Similar effects, i.e. increased activity and lower mortality rates were also observed for 2-year old perch exposed to dilute Oxazepam concentrations (1.2 +/- 0.4 mu g l(-1)). We conclude that therapeutic effects from pharmaceutical contaminants need to be considered in risk assessment assays to avoid that important ecological effects from aquatic contaminants are systematically missed