Effect of Aggressive & Conservative Working Capital Management Policy on Performance of Scheduled Commercial Banks of Pakistan

This study examine the impact of working capital management and its policies (investment and financing) on the performance of the scheduled commercial banks listed in PSE(Pakistan Stock Exchange) for the time period of 2009-2013. The performance of the banking sector have been determined with return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and cash to cash equivalent (CCE). Working capital management has been measured with cash conversion cycle (CCC), current liabilities to total asset (CL/TA) and current asset to total asset (CA/TA). Financial leverage and size of the bank have been used as control variables. The results revealed from the selected 30 commercial banks as sample that there is a negative relationship between CA/TA, CL/TA and CCC with ROA and ROE. There is a significant positive relationship between CA/TA and CCE, however, its relativity with CL/TA and CCC is insignificant. The control variables show significant positive relationships with ROA and ROE and significant negative relationships with CCE. Whereas leverage shows insignificant relationship with ROA, ROE and CCE. Keywords: Working Capital Management, scheduled commercial banks, aggressive working capital policy, conservative working capital policy

The Relationship Between Religious Tourism and Individual’s Perceptions (A case study of Hazrat Data Ghanj Bakhsh’s shrine)

Tourism as an industry has become one of the rapidly flourishing sectors in the world economy. It has experienced a continual evolution, and expanding ‎diversification over the last few decades. Religious tourism is one of the ancient types of tourism, i.e. travel entirely and intensely motivated for religious reasons. Specifically talking about Pakistan in business and research circles, religious tourism has recently been accepted as a thriving segment. This paper investigates the relationship between religious tourism and individuals’ perceptions at Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh\u27s (HDGB) Shrine. For this empirical study, a survey method, primarily of Likert Scales is used. The collected data is used to gather information about the relationship between individuals’ perceptions and religious tourism at HDGB shrine. Individuals’ perceptions are measured regarding: directional signage; safety and security; displays and exhibits; good value for money and; equal access. The results show that individuals’ perceptions regarding directional signage, safety and security, displays and exhibits, good value for money, and equal access have positive relationships with religious tourism

The Effect of Customer Education in relation to Banking Transactions on Traditional Retail Business: The Mediating Role of Emotional Design and Experience Design

The study focuses on how consumer education in relation to banking transactions affects traditional retailing, how emotional design and experience design operate as mediators, and how relevant psychological theory applies to Chinese labour. The project intends to create its own psychological theory and explore the impact on traditional retail and emotional design. The data was analyzed using a survey of 340 employees in China firms that was done both online and in-person. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) show that traditional retail operations have a favourable influence on customer education. The study's findings also revealed a link between conventional retail business, emotional design, and experience design. Additional research can be carried out to keep the understanding of our model accurate. In China traditional retail, it is customary for the shareholder also serve as the store manager to run the company alongside their family. According to the study site's analysis of the data gathered, the bulk of traditional retail business owners conduct their operations and deal directly with customers. Despite our best efforts, we were only able to use a tiny sample for this inquiry. The major findings of this study could be verified in follow-up investigations using a bigger sample. A number of important policy recommendations, questions for further research, and recommended theoretical and practical repercussions are made

Comparison of the Postoperative Pain, Septal Perforation and Synechiae Formation following Septoplasty done with Trans Septal Suturing Verus Nasal Packing

Objective: To compare the efficacy of trans-septal suturing with nasal packing following septoplasty in patients with the deviated nasal septum, in terms of frequency of postoperative pain, septal perforation, and synechiae formation. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the ENT department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi. Patients were divided into two groups. The total sample size of the study was 280 patients with 1:1 randomization in each group (140 in each group). Consecutive non-probability sampling was used for the recruitment of patients. All the patients underwent a septoplasty. Group A was provided with nasal packing while group B was with trans septal suturing. The study duration was 1 year (21-11-2016 to 21-11-2017). All the patients were followed at 24 hours for measurement of postoperative pain and at 1 and 4 weeks for septal perforation and synechiae formation. Ethical approval was taken from the ethical review board and consent was taken from patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The Chi-square test was applied for observing the association between different variables.Inclusion Criteria- Patients with deviated nasal septum.- Patients’ ages ranged from 17-35 years.- Patients of both genders were included.Exclusion Criteria- Patients with diabetes mellitus.- Patients with allergic rhinitis.- Patients with coagulopathies, pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders.- Patients taking warfarin, aspirin, or heparin. Results: Among all the patients 280 (100%), there were 123(43.9%) males and 157(56.1%) females. The study found that the mean age of patients was 25.3±11.9. In group A patients 140, 110 patients showed efficacy while 30 patients did not show efficacy during the study time period. Similarly, 124 patients showed efficacy in Group B while 16 patients did not show efficacy. A significant association was found in both groups regarding pain at 24 hours (p=0.00) while an insignificant association was found with age (p>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, the trans-septal suturing technique applied in septoplasty causes minimal pain and complications like septal perforation and synechiae formation, and patients resume routine life activities shortly after the surgery. Keywords: Septoplasty, nasal packing, trans-septal sutures, nasal septal perforation

Case report of Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma in a teenager female, a rare finding

Background: Angiofibroma is a rare histologically benign tumor that is an unencapsulated, highly vascular tumor.1 It shows very aggressive behavior due to local invasiveness and is associated with various symptoms.2 Angiofibroma is almost always seen in young adolescent males.2 Along main pathogenesis is unknown, but it is considered to be associated with sex hormones mainly testosterone and estradiol.3 In a study conducted from 1995 to 2012 all patients were male.4 Major symptoms include nasal obstruction and epistaxis and surgical removal of the tumor as a whole is considered the treatment of choice.5 There have been very few individual case reports of angiofibroma in females 6-9 which were confirmed with radiological testing and histopathology report of the samples taken. Case presentation: We present a rare case of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in a young female as confirmed by computed tomography scan findings and histopathology reports of the sample by well-qualified pathologists. Conclusion: The case is being reported to increase awareness among medical professionals and encouraging further workup on the pathogenesis of angiofibroma

Comparison of the Postoperative Pain, Septal Perforation and Synechiae Formation following Septoplasty done with Trans Septal Suturing Verus Nasal Packing

Objective: To compare the efficacy of trans-septal suturing with nasal packing following septoplasty in patients with the deviated nasal septum, in terms of frequency of postoperative pain, septal perforation, and synechiae formation. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the ENT department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi. Patients were divided into two groups. The total sample size of the study was 280 patients with 1:1 randomization in each group (140 in each group). Consecutive non-probability sampling was used for the recruitment of patients. All the patients underwent a septoplasty. Group A was provided with nasal packing while group B was with trans septal suturing. The study duration was 1 year (21-11-2016 to 21-11-2017). All the patients were followed at 24 hours for measurement of postoperative pain and at 1 and 4 weeks for septal perforation and synechiae formation. Ethical approval was taken from the ethical review board and consent was taken from patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The Chi-square test was applied for observing the association between different variables.Inclusion Criteria- Patients with deviated nasal septum.- Patients’ ages ranged from 17-35 years.- Patients of both genders were included.Exclusion Criteria- Patients with diabetes mellitus.- Patients with allergic rhinitis.- Patients with coagulopathies, pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders.- Patients taking warfarin, aspirin, or heparin. Results: Among all the patients 280 (100%), there were 123(43.9%) males and 157(56.1%) females. The study found that the mean age of patients was 25.3±11.9. In group A patients 140, 110 patients showed efficacy while 30 patients did not show efficacy during the study time period. Similarly, 124 patients showed efficacy in Group B while 16 patients did not show efficacy. A significant association was found in both groups regarding pain at 24 hours (p=0.00) while an insignificant association was found with age (p>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, the trans-septal suturing technique applied in septoplasty causes minimal pain and complications like septal perforation and synechiae formation, and patients resume routine life activities shortly after the surgery. Keywords: Septoplasty, nasal packing, trans-septal sutures, nasal septal perforation

Comparison of Peri-tonsillar Injection of Tramadol with Adrenaline Vs Injection of Normal Saline (Placebo) Before Tonsillectomy in Reducing Per-operative Haemorrhage and Post-operative Pain

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequent surgical procedures performed in ENT. In the early postoperative period, pain and hemorrhage are considered to be the major cause of morbidity. Different methods of minimizing postoperative pain have been proposed including the use of oral analgesics, infiltration of local anesthetics, and analgesics like levobupivacaine, ketamine, and tramadol. To secure hemostasis during a tonsillectomy, several techniques including ligation, diathermy, and cauterization are used. To minimize these complications, preoperative preparation of the patient is mandatory. This study aimed to find out the efficacy of adrenaline and tramadol in controlling perioperative hemorrhage and postoperative pain respectively. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the ENT department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi for 6 months (21-11-2016 to 21-5-2017). The data was collected by operating surgeons. A total of 60 patients were included in the study with 1:1 randomization. Simple random sampling was used for the Selection of patients. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A was provided with the peri-tonsillar injection of tramadol with adrenaline while Group B was provided with normal saline injection (Placebo). Both groups were followed for 6 hours to measure mean pain scores and mean hemostasis time. After approval from the ethical review board, consent forms were distributed to patients. An Independent t-test was applied for the comparison of different variables. Results: Among all patients 60(100%), 25 (41%) males, and 35(59%) females. The mean age of patients was 12.2 years ± 4.49 SD. The mean time required for hemostasis was 4.9 minutes ± 1.92 SD. The mean pain scores were 1.3 (mild pain) ±1.12 SD. A statistically significant difference was found with time (p=0.01), mean pain (p=0.00), weight (p=0.00) and age (p=0.00) while insignificant with gender (p=0.06). Conclusion: Peri-tonsillar injection of tramadol with adrenaline during tonsillectomy leads to a significant reduction in per-operative hemorrhage and post-operative pain as compared to injection of normal saline