103,473 research outputs found
Why isolated streamer discharges hardly exist above the breakdown field in atmospheric air
We investigate streamer formation in the troposphere, in electric fields
above the breakdown threshold. With fully three-dimensional particle
simulations, we study the combined effect of natural background ionization and
of photoionization on the discharge morphology. In previous investigations
based on deterministic fluid models without background ionization, so-called
double-headed streamers emerged. But in our improved model, many electron
avalanches start to grow at different locations. Eventually the avalanches
collectively screen the electric field in the interior of the discharge. This
happens after what we call the `ionization screening time', for which we give
an analytical estimate. As this time is comparable to the streamer formation
time, we conclude that isolated streamers are unlikely to exist in fields well
above breakdown in atmospheric air.Comment: Changed citation information. 6 pages, 4 figures, Geophysical
Research Letters, Vol. 40, 2417-2422, 201
A performance measure for manual control systems
A new performance measure is introduced for multivariable closed loop experiments with a human operator. The essential feature of the phase margin performance measure (PMPM) is that the performance of each control loop can be determined independently, with prescribed disturbance and error levels. A variable filter parameter is used as the PMPM within the loop and it assures a high workload at the same time. There is a straightforward relationship between the PMPM and the inner loop feedback augmentation that can be utilized in trade-off studies. An adjustment scheme that seeks the PMPM automatically is described as employed in a single loop control task. This task applies directly to the experimental study of displays for helicopters and VTOL aircraft
Slip energy barriers in aluminum and implications for ductile versus brittle behavior
We conisder the brittle versus ductile behavior of aluminum in the framework
of the Peierls-model analysis of dislocation emission from a crack tip. To this
end, we perform first-principles quantum mechanical calculations for the
unstable stacking energy of aluminum along the Shockley partial
slip route. Our calculations are based on density functional theory and the
local density approximation and include full atomic and volume relaxation. We
find that in aluminum J/m. Within the Peierls-model
analysis, this value would predict a brittle solid which poses an interesting
problem since aluminum is typically considered ductile. The resolution may be
given by one of three possibilites: (a) Aluminum is indeed brittle at zero
temperature, and becomes ductile at a finite temperature due to motion of
pre-existing dislocations which relax the stress concentration at the crack
tip. (b) Dislocation emission at the crack tip is itself a thermally activated
process. (c) Aluminum is actually ductile at all temperatures and the
theoretical model employed needs to be significantly improved in order to
resolve the apparent contradiction.Comment: 4 figures (not included; send requests to [email protected]
Recommended from our members
Biomimetic Design and Fabrication of Interior Architecture of Tissue Scaffolds Using Solid Freeform Fabrication
Modeling, design and fabrication of tissue scaffolds with intricate architecture,
porosity and pore size for desired tissue properties presents a challenge in tissue engineering.
This paper will present the details of our development in designing and fabrication of the
interior architecture of scaffolds using a novel design approach. The Interior Architecture
Design (IAD) approach seeks to generate scaffold layered freeform fabrication tool path without
forming complicated 3D CAD scaffold models. This involves: applying the principle of layered
manufacturing to determine the scaffold individual layered process planes and layered contour;
defining the 2D characteristic patterns of the scaffold building blocks (unit cells) to form the
Interior Scaffold Pattern; and the generation of process tool path for freeform fabrication of
these scaffolds with the specified interior architecture. Feasibility studies applying the IAD
algorithm to example models and the generation of fabrication planning instructions will be
presented.Mechanical Engineerin
Transport properties in resonant tunneling heterostructures
We use an adiabatic approximation in terms of instantaneous resonances to
study the steady-state and time-dependent transport properties of interacting
electrons in biased resonant tunneling heterostructures. This approach leads,
in a natural way, to a transport model of large applicability consisting of
reservoirs coupled to regions where the system is described by a nonlinear
Schr\"odinger equation. From the mathematical point of view, this work is
non-rigorous but may offer some fresh and interesting problems involving
semiclassical approximation, adiabatic theory, non-linear Schr\"odinger
equations and dynamical systems.Comment: 25 pages including 9 postscript figures; requires REVTeX 3.0, psfig;
uuencoded gz-compressed .tar file; preprint 1133 April 96 Ecole Polytechnique
to be published in J. Math. Phys. october 199
Characterization of Thin Film Materials using SCAN meta-GGA, an Accurate Nonempirical Density Functional
We discuss self-consistently obtained ground-state electronic properties of
monolayers of graphene and a number of beyond graphene compounds, including
films of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using the recently proposed
strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient
approximation (meta-GGA) to the density functional theory. The SCAN meta-GGA
results are compared with those based on the local density approximation (LDA)
as well as the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). As expected, the GGA
yields expanded lattices and softened bonds in relation to the LDA, but the
SCAN meta-GGA systematically improves the agreement with experiment. Our study
suggests the efficacy of the SCAN functional for accurate modeling of
electronic structures of layered materials in high-throughput calculations more
generally
Bipolar High Field Excitations in Co/Cu/Co Nanopillars
Current-induced magnetic excitations in Co/Cu/Co bilayer nanopillars
(50 nm in diameter) have been studied experimentally at low temperatures
for large applied fields perpendicular to the layers. At sufficiently high
current densities excitations, which lead to a decrease in differential
resistance, are observed for both current polarities. Such bipolar excitations
are not expected in a single domain model of spin-transfer. We propose that at
high current densities strong asymmetries in the longitudinal spin accumulation
cause spin-wave instabilities transverse to the current direction in bilayer
samples, similar to those we have reported for single magnetic layer junctions.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures+ 2 additional jpg figures (Fig. 2d and Fig. 3)
high resolution figures and recent related articles are available at:
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/kentlab/news.htm
Toward precision mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclei relevant to -process nucleosynthesis
The open question of where, when, and how the heavy elements beyond iron
enrich our Universe has triggered a new era in nuclear physics studies.\ Of all
the relevant nuclear physics inputs, the mass of very neutron-rich nuclides is
a key quantity for revealing the origin of heavy elements beyond iron.\
Although the precise determination of this property is a great challenge,
enormous progress has been made in recent decades, and it has contributed
significantly to both nuclear structure and astrophysical nucleosynthesis
studies.\ In this review, we first survey our present knowledge of the nuclear
mass surface, emphasizing the importance of nuclear mass precision in
-process calculations.\ We then discuss recent progress in various methods
of nuclear mass measurement with a few selected examples.\ For each method, we
focus on recent breakthroughs and discuss possible ways of improving the
weighing of -process nuclides.Comment: 10 figures, review articles in Frontiers of Physic
Constant-temperature molecular-dynamics algorithms for mixed hard-core/continuous potentials
We present a set of second-order, time-reversible algorithms for the
isothermal (NVT) molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation of systems with mixed
hard-core/continuous potentials. The methods are generated by combining
real-time Nose' thermostats with our previously developed Collision Verlet
algorithm [Mol. Phys. 98, 309 (1999)] for constant energy MD simulation of such
systems. In all we present 5 methods, one based on the Nose'-Hoover [Phys. Rev.
A 31, 1695 (1985)] equations of motion and four based on the Nose'-Poincare'
[J.Comp.Phys., 151 114 (1999)] real-time formulation of Nose' dynamics. The
methods are tested using a system of hard spheres with attractive tails and all
correctly reproduce a canonical distribution of instantaneous temperature. The
Nose'-Hoover based method and two of the Nose'-Poincare' methods are shown to
have good energy conservation in long simulations.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure
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