A novel patient-administered treatment for malignant and pre-malignant skin lesions

It is a well established fact that the incidence of sun-related skin damage (photo-ageing) and neoplastic transformation (photo-carcinogenesis) has progressively increased in recent decades as a result of cultural and occupational trends leading to increased sun exposure and use of sunbeds, particularly in Caucasian populations. Reference to a topical immune response modulator known as Imiquimod (Aldara™).peer-reviewe

Sun direction detection system

One of the detectors is an illumination detector consisting of two spaced apart elongated strips with a strip of cadmium sulphide (Cds) deposited therebetween. Whenever the line image impinges the CdS strip, the resistance between the two other strips is relatively low, while being high when the line image is outside the field of view of the illumination detector. Also included is a sun angle detector which consists of a vapor deposited resistor strip connected at one end to plus 10v and at the other end to minus 10v. Spaced apart from the resistor strip is an elongated strip of low resistance material acting as an output strip, with a CdS strip between the two strips. When the line image is within the field of view of the sun angle detector, the output voltage at the output strip depends on the position of the line image across the sun angle detector

Are the majority of Sun-like stars single?

It has recently been suggested that, in the field, $\sim\!\!56\%$ of Sun-like stars ($0.8\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}\lesssim M_\star\lesssim 1.2\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}$) are single. We argue here that this suggestion may be incorrect, since it appears to be based on the multiplicity frequency of systems with Sun-like primaries, and therefore takes no account of Sun-like stars that are secondary (or higher-order) components in multiple systems. When these components are included in the reckoning, it seems likely that only $\sim\!46\%$ of Sun-like stars are single. This estimate is based on a model in which the system mass function has the form proposed by Chabrier, with a power-law Salpeter extension to high masses; there is a flat distribution of mass ratios; and the probability that a system of mass $M$ is a binary is $\,0.50 + 0.46\log_{_{10}}\!\left(M/{\rm M}_{_\odot}\right)\,$ for $\,0.08\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}\leq M\leq 12.5\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}$, $\,0\,$ for $\,M<0.08\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}$, and $\,1\,$ for $\,M>12.5\,{\rm M}_{_\odot}$. The constants in this last relation are chosen so that the model also reproduces the observed variation of multiplicity frequency with primary mass. However, the more qualitative conclusion, that a minority of Sun-like stars are single, holds up for virtually all reasonable values of the model parameters. Parenthetically, it is still likely that the majority of {\it all} stars in the field are single, but that is because most M Dwarfs probably are single.Comment: 6 pages. Accepted by MNRA

Flatness of the setting Sun

Atmospheric refraction is responsible for the bending of light-rays in the atmosphere. It is a result of the continuous decrease in the refractive index of the air as a function of altitude. A well-known consequence of this phenomenon is the apparently elliptic shape of the setting or rising Sun (or full-Moon). In the present paper we systematically investigate this phenomenon in a standard atmosphere. Theoretical and numerical calculations are compared with experimental data. The asymmetric rim of the Sun is computed as a function of its inclination angle, observational height and meteorological conditions characterized by pressure, temperature and lapse-rate. We reveal and illustrate some extreme and highly unusual situations.Comment: RevTex, 10 pages, 14 Figures. A web-page is accompanying this study: http://www.fi.uib.no/~neda/sunset/index.htm

Cloud cover sensor

An apparatus is described which provides a numerical indication of the cloudiness at a particular time of a day. The apparatus includes a frame holding several light sensors such as photovoltaic cells, with a direct sensor mounted to directly face the Sun and indirect sensors mounted to face different portions of the sky not containing the Sun. A light shield shields the direct sensor from most of the sky except a small portion containing the Sun, and also shields each of the indirect sensors from direct sunlight. The relative values of the outputs from the direct and indirect sensors, enables the generation of a numerical indication of the degree of cloudiness at a particular time of day

Airborne tracking sunphotometer apparatus and system

An airborne tracking Sun photometer apparatus has a rotatable dome. An azimuth drive motor is connected to rotate the dome. The dome has an equatorial slot. A cylindrical housing is pivotally mounted inside the dome at the equatorial slot. A photometer is mounted in the housing to move in the equatorial slot as the housing pivots. The photometer has an end facing from the slot with an optical flat transparent window. An elevation drive motor is connected to pivot the cylindrical housing. The rotatable dome is mounted in the bulkhead of an aircraft to extend from the interior of the aircraft. A Sun sensor causes the photometer to track the Sun automatically. Alternatively, the photometer may be oriented manually or by computer