Benzyl N-{2-[5-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]propan-2-yl}carbamate

In the title 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative, C19H18ClN3O3, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring makes dihedral angles of 12.83 (8) and 4.89 (8)°, respectively, with the benzyl and 4-chloro­phenyl rings, while the dihedral angle between the benzyl and 4-chloro­phenyl rings is 11.53 (7)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into helical chains along the b axis. A weak C—H⋯π inter­action is also present

1-{4-Chloro-2-[2-(2-fluoro­phen­yl)-1,3-dithio­lan-2-yl]phen­yl}-2-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde

There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title imidazole derivative, C20H16ClFN2OS2. In one mol­ecule, the dithiol­ane ring is disordered over two positions in a 0.849 (9):0.151 (10) ratio. The imidazole ring makes dihedral angles of 79.56 (9) and 18.45 (9)° with the 4-chloro­phenyl and 2-fluoro­phenyl rings, respectively, in one mol­ecule; in the other mol­ecule, the corresponding angles are 82.72 (9) and 17.39 (10)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions and these linked mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis by π–π inter­actions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.4922 (11) Å. In addition, π–π inter­actions between the imidazole and 2-fluoro­phenyl rings are also observed, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.4867 (11) and 3.4326 (10) Å. The crystal is further consolidated by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions. Cl⋯S [3.5185 (8) Å], C⋯O [3.192 (3) Å] and C⋯C [3.326 (2)–3.393 (3) Å] short contacts are also observed

2-{[(E)-2-Hy­droxy­benzyl­idene]amino}-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

In the title compound, C15H10N2O3, the isoindoline ring system is almost planar [maximum deviation = 0.020 (2) Å] and makes a dihedral angle of 1.57 (7)° with the benzene ring. Intra­molecular O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed

N′-(4-Fluoro­benzyl­idene)-2-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)acetohydrazide

In the title compound, C15H12F2N2O, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 48.73 (8)°. The hydrazine group is twisted slightly, with a C—N—N—C torsion angle of 172.48 (12)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by strong N—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming supra­molecular chains along the c axis. The structure is consolidated by π–π [centroid–centroid separation = 3.6579 (10) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions

N′-(4-Chloro­benzyl­idene)-2-[4-(methyl­sulfan­yl)phen­yl]acetohydrazide

In the title compound, C16H15ClN2OS, the hydrazine group is twisted slightly: the C—N—N—C torsion angle is 175.46 (13)°. The dihedral angle between the two terminal aromatic rings is 87.01 (8)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 2(8) loops. The dimers are further linked by weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

1-{1-[2,8-Bis(trifluoro­meth­yl)-4-quin­olyl]-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl}ethanone

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H10F6N4O. The triazole ring is not coplanar with the quinoline ring system; the dihedral angle between the two planes being 74.47 (12) and 63.97 (13)° in the two mol­ecules. The crystal structure is characterized by inter­molecular C—H⋯F, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Weak intra­molecular C—H⋯F inter­actions are observed. Disorder is observed in two F atoms of one of the trifluoro­methyl groups of one independent mol­ecule [occupancy ratios 0.77 (3):0.23 (3) and 0.77 (4):0.23 (4)] and in all three F atoms of one of the trifluoro­methyl groups of the second independent mol­ecule [occupancy ratios 0.520 (14):0.480 (14), 0.615 (17):0.385 (17) and 0.783 (11):0.217 (11)]. The O atom is also disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.60 (13) and 0.40 (13) in the first mol­ecule

Antenatal dexamethasone for early preterm birth in low-resource countries

BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of antenatal glucocorticoids in women in low-resource countries who are at risk for preterm birth are uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a multicountry, randomized trial involving pregnant women between 26 weeks 0 days and 33 weeks 6 days of gestation who were at risk for preterm birth. The participants were assigned to intramuscular dexamethasone or identical placebo. The primary outcomes were neonatal death alone, stillbirth or neonatal death, and possible maternal bacterial infection; neonatal death alone and stillbirth or neonatal death were evaluated with superiority analyses, and possible maternal bacterial infection was evaluated with a noninferiority analysis with the use of a prespecified margin of 1.25 on the relative scale. RESULTS: A total of 2852 women (and their 3070 fetuses) from 29 secondary- and tertiary-level hospitals across Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Nigeria, and Pakistan underwent randomization. The trial was stopped for benefit at the second interim analysis. Neonatal death occurred in 278 of 1417 infants (19.6%) in the dexamethasone group and in 331 of 1406 infants (23.5%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.97; P=0.03). Stillbirth or neonatal death occurred in 393 of 1532 fetuses and infants (25.7%) and in 444 of 1519 fetuses and infants (29.2%), respectively (relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.99; P=0.04); the incidence of possible maternal bacterial infection was 4.8% and 6.3%, respectively (relative risk, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.03). There was no significant between-group difference in the incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among women in low-resource countries who were at risk for early preterm birth, the use of dexamethasone resulted in significantly lower risks of neonatal death alone and stillbirth or neonatal death than the use of placebo, without an increase in the incidence of possible maternal bacterial infection.Fil: Oladapo, Olufemi T.. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Vogel, Joshua P.. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Piaggio, Gilda. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Nguyen, My-Huong. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Metin Gülmezoglu, A.. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Bahl, Rajiv. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Rao, Suman P.N.. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: de Costa, Ayesha. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Gupta, Shuchita. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Shahidullah, Mohammod. No especifíca;Fil: Chowdhury, Saleha B.. No especifíca;Fil: Ara, Gulshan. No especifíca;Fil: Akter, Shaheen. No especifíca;Fil: Akhter, Nasreen. No especifíca;Fil: Dey, Probhat R.. No especifíca;Fil: Abdus Sabur, M.. No especifíca;Fil: Azad, Mohammad T.. No especifíca;Fil: Choudhury, Shahana F.. No especifíca;Fil: Matin, M.A.. No especifíca;Fil: Goudar, Shivaprasad S.. No especifíca;Fil: Dhaded, Sangappa M.. No especifíca;Fil: Metgud, Mrityunjay C.. No especifíca;Fil: Pujar, Yeshita V.. No especifíca;Fil: Somannavar, Manjunath S.. No especifíca;Fil: Vernekar, Sunil S.. No especifíca;Fil: Herekar, Veena R.. No especifíca;Fil: Bidri, Shailaja R.. No especifíca;Fil: Mathapati, Sangamesh S.. No especifíca;Fil: Patil, Preeti G.. No especifíca;Fil: Patil, Mallanagouda M.. No especifíca;Fil: Gudadinni, Muttappa R.. No especifíca;Fil: Bijapure, Hidaytullah R.. No especifíca;Fil: Mallapur, Ashalata A.. No especifíca;Fil: Katageri, Geetanjali M.. No especifíca;Fil: Chikkamath, Sumangala B.. No especifíca;Fil: Yelamali, Bhuvaneshwari C.. No especifíca;Fil: Pol, Ramesh R.. No especifíca;Fil: Misra, Sujata S.. No especifíca;Fil: Das, Leena. No especifíca

MICRONUCLEI - AS A BIOMARKER OF GENOTOXICITY IN AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS OF WESTERN MAHARASHTRA

  Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential cytogenetic damage associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among automobile mechanics (AMs) using micronuclei (MNs) and other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as binucleate cell (BN), karyorrhexis (KR), and karyolysis (KL) as biomarkers of genotoxicity.Methods: The study was conducted on 60 AMs between age group of 20–40 years who were working in automobile garages for more than 1 year from western Maharashtra, and 60 healthy males with same socioeconomic status were chosen as controls. AMs were divided into three groups based on their duration of exposure, i.e. 1–5 years, 6–10 years, and more than 11 years. The exfoliated buccal cells were obtained and fixed with methanol for 10 min. Then, air-dried and stained it with Giemsa stain. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test for two groups and one-way ANOVA for multiple groups of exposures.Results: The mean values of MN, BN, KR, and KL in AMs (8.20, 13.57, 16.70, and 22.10, respectively) are significantly increased as compared to controls (5.10, 8.82, 12.30, and 16.12, respectively). As the year of exposure increased, the mean values of MN and other NAs were significantly increased in AMs (p<0.05).Conclusion: MN and other NAs reflect genetic changes and events associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that AMs exposed to PAHs are under risk of significant cytogenetic damage. Therefore, it is important to provide and to create better awareness of occupational hazards among these workers to promote occupational safety

Study of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate as the Assessment of Lung Function in Occupationally Exposed Petrol Pump Workers of Western Maharashtra

Background: Fast urbanization trends, rapid industrial growth, globalization, and poor environmental conditions at work places have created a lot of healthrelated issues. Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) as the assessment of lung function in occupationally exposed petrol pump workers and also check whether PEFR increases or decreases with duration of exposure. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 male petrol pump workers between age group of 20-40 years who were working as petrol filling attendants for more than one year from western Maharashtra. 50 normal healthy males with same socioeconomic status were chosen as controls to find out the effect of occupational exposure to petroleum product on PEFR as the assessment of lung function tests. Petrol pump workers were divided into three groups based on their duration of exposure i.e. 1- 5 yrs, 6- 10 yrs and more than 11 years. PEFR of petrol pump workers and control was measured by using a Mini Wright peak flow meter which is a portable device for measuring ventilator functions. Comparisons was done using unpaired t-test for 2 groups comparisons and one way ANOVAfor multiple groups of exposures. Results: The PEFR was significantly lower decrease (p=0.001) around petrol pump workers (389.17) as compared to control (534.2. As year of exposure increased mean value of PEFR was significantly decreased from 452.17, 378.00 and 283.64 respectively in petrol pump workers. Conclusion: The results suggested that respiratory functions i.e. PEFR of occupationally exposed petrol pump workers are significantly reduced as compared to controls, also PEFR is significantly reduced with increase in the duration of exposure