2,547 research outputs found
Landauer formula for phonon heat conduction: relation between energy transmittance and transmission coefficient
The heat current across a quantum harmonic system connected to reservoirs at
different temperatures is given by the Landauer formula, in terms of an
integral over phonon frequencies \omega, of the energy transmittance T(\omega).
There are several different ways to derive this formula, for example using the
Keldysh approach or the Langevin equation approach. The energy transmittance
T({\omega}) is usually expressed in terms of nonequilibrium phonon Green's
function and it is expected that it is related to the transmission coefficient
{\tau}({\omega}) of plane waves across the system. In this paper, for a
one-dimensional set-up of a finite harmonic chain connected to reservoirs which
are also semi-infinite harmonic chains, we present a simple and direct
demonstration of the relation between T({\omega}) and {\tau}({\omega}). Our
approach is easily extendable to the case where both system and reservoirs are
in higher dimensions and have arbitrary geometries, in which case the meaning
of {\tau} and its relation to T are more non-trivial.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur
Heat conduction in the \alpha-\beta -Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain
Recent simulation results on heat conduction in a one-dimensional chain with
an asymmetric inter-particle interaction potential and no onsite potential
found non-anomalous heat transport in accordance to Fourier's law. This is a
surprising result since it was long believed that heat conduction in
one-dimensional systems is in general anomalous in the sense that the thermal
conductivity diverges as the system size goes to infinity. In this paper we
report on detailed numerical simulations of this problem to investigate the
possibility of a finite temperature phase transition in this system. Our
results indicate that the unexpected results for asymmetric potentials is a
result of insufficient chain length, and does not represent the asymptotic
behavior.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
A Driven Disordered Systems Approach to Biological Evolution in Changing Environments
Biological evolution of a population is governed by the fitness landscape,
which is a map from genotype to fitness. However, a fitness landscape depends
on the organisms environment, and evolution in changing environments is still
poorly understood. We study a particular model of antibiotic resistance
evolution in bacteria where the antibiotic concentration is an environmental
parameter and the fitness landscapes incorporate tradeoffs between adaptation
to low and high antibiotic concentration. With evolutionary dynamics that
follow fitness gradients, the evolution of the system under slowly changing
antibiotic concentration resembles the athermal dynamics of disordered physical
systems under external drives. Exploiting this resemblance, we show that our
model can be described as a system with interacting hysteretic elements. As in
the case of the driven disordered systems, adaptive evolution under antibiotic
concentration cycling is found to exhibit hysteresis loops and memory
formation. We derive a number of analytical results for quasistatic
concentration changes. We also perform numerical simulations to study how these
effects are modified under driving protocols in which the concentration is
changed in discrete steps. Our approach provides a general framework for
studying motifs of evolutionary dynamics in biological systems in a changing
environment
Oscillation dynamics of embolic microspheres in flows with red blood cell suspensions
Dynamic nature of particle motion in blood flow is an important determinant of embolization based cancer therapy. Yet, the manner in which the presence of high volume fraction of red blood cells influences the particle dynamics remains unknown. Here, by investigating the motions of embolic microspheres in pressure-driven flows of red blood cell suspensions through capillaries, we illustrate unique oscillatory trends in particle trajectories, which are not observable in Newtonian fluid flows. Our investigation reveals that such oscillatory behavior essentially manifests when three simultaneous conditions, namely, the Reynolds number beyond a threshold limit, degree of confinement beyond a critical limit, and high hematocrit level, are fulfilled simultaneously. Given that these conditions are extremely relevant to fluid dynamics of blood or polymer flow, the observations reported here bear significant implications on embolization based cancer treatment as well as for complex multiphase fluidics involving particle
Universality in Fluid Domain Coarsening: The case of vapor-liquid transition
Domain growth during the kinetics of phase separation is studied following
vapor-liquid transition in a single component Lennard-Jones fluid. Results are
analyzed after appropriately mapping the continuum snapshots obtained from
extensive molecular dynamics simulations to a simple cubic lattice. For near
critical quench interconnected domain morphology is observed. A brief period of
slow diffusive growth is followed by a linear viscous hydrodynamic growth that
lasts for an extended period of time. This result is in contradiction with
earlier inclusive reports of late time growth exponent 1/2 that questions the
uniqueness of the non-equilibrium universality for liquid-liquid and
vapor-liquid transitions.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Predictable Properties of Fitness Landscapes Induced by Adaptational Tradeoffs
Fitness effects of mutations depend on environmental parameters. For example, mutations that increase fitness of bacteria at high antibiotic concentration often decrease fitness in the absence of antibiotic, exemplifying a tradeoff between adaptation to environmental extremes. We develop a mathematical model for fitness landscapes generated by such tradeoffs, based on experiments that determine the antibiotic dose-response curves of Escherichia coli strains, and previous observations on antibiotic resistance mutations. Our model generates a succession of landscapes with predictable properties as antibiotic concentration is varied. The landscape is nearly smooth at low and high concentrations, but the tradeoff induces a high ruggedness at intermediate antibiotic concentrations. Despite this high ruggedness, however, all the fitness maxima in the landscapes are evolutionarily accessible from the wild type. This implies that selection for antibiotic resistance in multiple mutational steps is relatively facile despite the complexity of the underlying landscape
Human Ovarian Tumor Cells Escape γδ T Cell Recognition Partly by Down Regulating Surface Expression of MICA and Limiting Cell Cycle Related Molecules
Background: Mechanisms of human Vc2Vd2 T cell-mediated tumor immunity have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods and Findings: At least some tumor cell recognition is mediated by NKG2D-MICA interactions. Herein, by using MTT assay and PI-BrdU co-staining and Western-blot, we show that these Vc2Vd2 T cells can limit the proliferation of ovarian tumor cells by down regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle related molecules in tumor cells. Cell-to-cell contact is critical. cd T cell-resistant, but not susceptible ovarian tumor cells escape cd T cell-mediated immune recognition by up-regulating pErk1/2, thereby decreasing surface MICA levels. Erk1/2 inhibitor pretreatment or incubation prevents this MICA decrease, while up-regulating key cell cycle related molecules such as CDK2, CDK4 and Cyclin D1, as well as apoptosis related molecules making resistant tumor cells now vulnerable to cd T cell-mediated lysis. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate novel effects of cdT cells on ovarian tumor cells
- …