Shift in the role of criminology in criminal law: Reflecting the doctrinal change

Purpose: The study's aim is to assess how criminology's role in criminal law has changed over time. In addition, the author suggested that criminology can be used to test and suggest explanatory theories for criminal law rather than doctrinal shifts. Research methodology: The authors use literature-based observational analysis to assess how criminology's role in criminal law has evolved. Methodical investigation of logical literature uncovered the shift in the role of criminology in criminal law. Results: The authors claim that doctrinal changes have shifted perceptions of criminality, but the study's findings suggest otherwise. Doctrine changes mysteriously and without judicial acknowledgement, revealing shifting facts and suggests that the role of criminology in criminal law may be changing. Limitations: Even after a doctrinal shift, the authors argue, having criminological theories and perspectives helps assign proper rules to criminal law. Contribution: The study's findings support the often-criticized objectivist view of criminology but disagree on the subjectivist view of doctrine shifts. This study suggests that a new field will emerge that transcends both criminology and criminal laws rather than doctrine changes

PIPER CHABA EXTRACTS WITH ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY INFLUENCE ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC RESPONSES IN DIABETIC WISTER RATS

Objectives: Piper chaba, native to South and Southeast Asia, has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant. Aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of P. chaba root extracts (RE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats along with its antimicrobial activity. Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wister rats through the intraperitoneal administration of STZ (50 mg/kg b.w.). Antidiabetic and antilipidemic activities of the RE (in methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and distilled water) were evaluated by administering oral dose (200 mg/kg b.w.) for 21 days. Metformin (12.1 mg/kg b.w.) was used as a positive control. Blood samples of rats were drawn by tail vein puncture and cardiac puncture to determine the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), respectively. Standard protocols were followed to determine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against two different strains of bacteria. Results: Oral administration of P. chaba RE for 21 days resulted in a significant (p< 0.001) decrease in FBG and TC, TG, and LDL levels (p<0.001), when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. Significant (p<0.001) increase of HDL was observed when ethyl acetate and aqueous RE were administered. Out of four, two extracts showed varying antimicrobial activities, particularly against the gram-positive bacteria.  Conclusion: It became evident for the first time that P. chaba extracts possess antimicrobial activities and can serve as biochemical compounds with great alternative therapeutic potential in the management of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia

An approach to the impact of climate change on the economy

En esta investigación trata de analizar, de una manera aproximada los efectos socio-económicos que tiene el cambio climático de forma directo o indirecta, realizando una comparación entre Europa y el resto del mundo. El interés que tiene este estudio es que, el Cambio Climático es un asunto de preocupación mundial, según la UNESCO el 67% de la población mundial considera que es el desafío más grande que se están enfrentando las personas en el siglo XXI. Las emisiones de Gases de efecto invernadero crecen a un ritmo exponencial, según el Quinto informe de la IPCC donde explican de 1880-2012 la temperatura media mundial ha incrementado a 0.85ºC, de 1901- 2010 el nivel del mar creció 19 cm, y cada 10 años se pierde 1.07 × 106 km de hielo marino en el Ártico. Y el último informe publicado en 2018 del IPCC destaca que es importante frenar la subida de la temperatura media a 1,5ºC en las próximas décadas y limitar ese crecimiento hasta 2ºC a finales de este siglo. El procedimiento que se ha seguido para hacer este estudio, es usar bases de datos de diferentes instituciones y realizar comparaciones y obtener conclusiones de dichos resultados, además de realizar una encuesta para saber el grado de concienciación entre la población acerca del problema. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer cómo las consecuencias del Cambio Climático afectan a la estabilidad, crecimiento y en la productividad económica; qué sectores son los más afectados y cuáles son los costes aproximados. Este trabajo se estructura en seis partes, donde en la primera parte se estudia las principales causas y costes del Cambio Climático. En el siguiente punto se trata de analizar los sectores claves para la economía como el sector agrario y el turismo, y que ambos son muy vulnerables al Cambio Climático y debido a eso tiene unas consecuencias negativas para el sector. Además de eso, también se indican las medidas de mitigación que se están llevando a cabo. En el próximo punto se explica a profundidad el papel que tiene los fenómenos meteorológicos en la pobreza, y de cómo está afectando al crecimiento socio-económico de los países en vías de desarrollo. Posteriormente se trata el tema de salud puesto que, el Cambio Climático está presente casi en todos los sectores y el coste que tiene este sector afecta de forma directa a la estabilidad y la productividad de un país, como está pasando ahora mismo con la pandemia del Covid-19. Más adelante se investiga detalladamente la pérdida de capacidad laboral, que se origina a causa del Cambio Climático, seguido de los malestares sociales que dan lugar a que las personas tengan que huir de esas zonas y convirtiéndose en “Refugiados Climáticos”. Por último, se estudia las medidas que están llevando a cabo por la ONU y la Unión Europea, para hacer frente a todos estos problemas, también se tienen en cuenta los compromisos (RSC) que las empresas tanto nacionales como internacionales se están llevando a cabo, junto con los gigantes tecnológicos.Facultad de Ciencias de la EmpresaUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagen

The effect of maternal obesity on subsequent offspring: modulation by postnatal high fat diet feeding and physical exercise

Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, is deeply rooted in both hereditary and environmental aspects that may originate in perinatal period. Obesity is no longer restricted to adults, from late 1980s childhood obesity has reached epidemic in some areas and on the rise in others. Obesity poses or exacerbates the likelihood of a cluster of disorders including impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, increasing the risk of a metabolic syndrome like phenotype. Environmental influences in utero (e.g. level of maternal nutrition) or during the early postnatal period influence offspring body weight and alter energy homeostasis in adulthood. Maternal nutrition is a key determinant in programming fetal and newborn metabolism and has long term consequences for the development of hypothalamic neurones involved in energy homeostasis and the metabolic profile in offspring. Disturbed energy homeostasis results in obesity arising from a mismatch between energy expenditure and energy consumed. Food intake is regulated via a complex process comprising peripheral and central mechanisms. The circulating hormones insulin and leptin cause a reduction in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) mRNA expression of anabolic peptides (e.g. neuropeptide Y (NPY)) and agouti related protein (AgRP) while anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) are stimulated to inhibit food intake. Investigating the impact of maternal obesity in human population is difficult. Since physiological pathways including appetite regulation are highly conserved across mammalian species, thus information gained in the rodent should have relevance to humans. Studies in rodent can answer whether the degrees of maternal obesity differentially influences offspring outcome. This thesis contrasted effects of two degrees of maternal overnutrition, one induced by early postnatal overnutrition following litter size reduction, defined as mild maternal overnutrition, and another by high fat diet (HFD) consumption, to induce marked maternal obesity. Another goal was to examine the impact of offspring postweaning HFD consumption. HFD induced maternal obesity increased body weight in offspring as early as 4 days old. However, mild maternal overnutrition had modest effects on body weight. At weaning, various mediators involved in appetite regulation (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3); suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) and anorexigenic POMC), and markers of fatty acid oxidation in liver were differentially altered by HFD induced maternal obesity. In adulthood, significant glucose intolerance was induced by both degrees of maternal overnutrition in HFD fed male offspring, but this difference was absent in the females. HFD induced maternal obesity increased leptin, insulin, and lipid profile, leading to insulin resistance in male offspring, which was exaggerated by postweaning HFD. A similar pattern was observed in the female offspring. Both degrees of maternal overnutrition differentially affected the expression of hypothalamic appetite regulators in the male offspring.Given the rise in maternal obesity and effects on offspring, there is an urgent need to develop interventions. Thus, the second project set out to investigate whether physical exercise can ameliorate the effects of HFD induced maternal obesity with offspring fed either low fat chow or HFD. Maternal obesity increased BW, adiposity and induced glucose intolerance; effects exaggerated by postweaning HFD, with a doubling of energy intake and increased insulin resistance. Exercise reduced adiposity, improved glucose homeostasis following maternal obesity regardless of postweaning diet. mRNA expression of hypothalamic POMC, adipose tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11βHSD-1), the enzyme that converts inactive cortisone to cortisol, were reduced by exercise in HFD fed offspring of obese mothers. As a result of exercise, values in chow fed offspring of HFD mothers were indistinguishable from healthy control sedentary chow fed offspring from chow mothers; however, after exercise these metabolic parameters in HFD fed offspring remained higher than the sedentary chow fed offspring from both lean and obese mothers.Taken together the findings in this thesis indicate that even mild overnutrition of the mother early in life, as induced by litter size reduction, led to affect on offspring adiposity, food intake and glucose homeostasis. A far greater impact of HFD induced marked maternal obesity was observed on offspring, who were at the highest risk of metabolic disorders. Thus, the different degrees of maternal overnutrition differentially affected offspring adiposity and appetite regulators. Given the rising incidence of obesity in women of childbearing age, maternal nutrition and body weight prior to pregnancy has important implications for the health of the next generation. The second project showed that while voluntary exercise almost completely reversed the metabolic effects of maternal obesity in chow fed offspring, it did not fully attenuate the effects in those offspring weaned onto HFD. We suggest that a combined exercise and healthy diet approach is needed to facilitate metabolic improvements in the offspring of obese mothers

A cross sectional study on antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella typhi clinical isolates from Bangladesh

Objective: To investigate and compare the resistance and sensitivity of Salmonella typhi samples to commonly used antibiotics in three major divisions of Bangladesh and to evaluate the gradually developing resistance pattern. Methods: The antibiotic susceptibility of 70 clinical isolates collected from blood, sputum, urine and pus samples were identified by specific antisera and with standard biochemical tests. The patients were divided into 5 age groups. Susceptibility and resistance was also tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using 12 regularly used antibiotics. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility test demonstrated that 64.28% isolates of Salmonella typhi were multidrug resistant. Present study suggests that the clinical samples were mostly resistant against nalidixic acid with all age groups and in all three divisions with similar resistance pattern. Resistance is more common among adult people (30-40 years) and children (0-10 years). Salmonella typhi was mostly sensitive against gentamycin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Although the population density of Dhaka region is markedly higher than Rajshahi and Chittagong regions, no significant difference in resistance pattern was found. The rate of multidrug resistance is a matter of concern. Physicians should reconsider before prescribing nalidixic acid and cefixime. Further molecular study is needed to reveal the genomic and proteomic basis of resistance

Trends and future of maternal and child health in Bangladesh.

BackgroundMaternal and child health is one of the most important issues in a developing country like Bangladesh. This study evaluates the trends in maternal and child health indicators of Bangladesh.MethodsThe secondary data used in this study was extracted from the World Bank Dataset. The selected indicators were maternal mortality ratio (MMR), under-five children mortality and neonatal mortality rate, and prevalence of stunting and wasting of under-five children. Trend analysis technique and ARIMA forecasting models were used in this study to find currents trend and predict the future of selected indicators.ResultsThis study revealed clear evidence that neonatal, under-five child and maternal mortality in Bangladesh had been gradually decreasing during the last two and half decades. The decreasing rate of these indicators suggests that it should be possible to achieve the national target of sustainable development goals (SDGs) of Bangladesh by 2021. While, it was observed that the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five children was still high, these indicators have been slowly decreasing over time. The decreasing rate of these indicators displayed that without guided measures, the Bangladesh government would not be able to achieve the target goal of child malnutrition by 2021 under SDG-2.2.ConclusionIt is recommended that the government, as well as non-government health organizations (NGOs), and other policy makers should provide programs that are effective so that the national target goals can be achieved by the year 2030. Consequently, our findings should assist in the achievement of the national goals in Bangladesh regarding these health issues

cDNA and Gene Structure of MytiLec-1, A Bacteriostatic R-Type Lectin from the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

MytiLec is an α-d-galactose-binding lectin with a unique primary structure isolated from the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The lectin adopts a β-trefoil fold that is also found in the B-sub-unit of ricin and other ricin-type (R-type) lectins. We are introducing MytiLec(-1) and its two variants (MytiLec-2 and -3), which both possess an additional pore-forming aerolysin-like domain, as members of a novel multi-genic “mytilectin family” in bivalve mollusks. Based on the full length mRNA sequence (911 bps), it was possible to elucidate the coding sequence of MytiLec-1, which displays an extended open reading frame (ORF) at the 5′ end of the sequence, confirmed both at the mRNA and at the genomic DNA sequence level. While this extension could potentially produce a polypeptide significantly longer than previously reported, this has not been confirmed yet at the protein level. MytiLec-1 was revealed to be encoded by a gene consisting of two exons and a single intron. The first exon comprised the 5′UTR and the initial ATG codon and it was possible to detect a putative promoter region immediately ahead of the transcription start site in the MytiLec-1 genomic locus. The remaining part of the MytiLec-1 coding sequence (including the three sub-domains, the 3′UTR and the poly-A signal) was included in the second exon. The bacteriostatic activity of MytiLec-1 was determined by the agglutination of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which was reversed by the co-presence of α-galactoside. Altogether, these data support the classification of MytiLec-1 as a member of the novel mytilectin family and suggest that this lectin may play an important role as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immunity of mussels