Study on the morphology of polyacrylamide – silica fumed nanocomposite thin films

Silica fumed nanoparticles were dispersed in polyacrylamide thin films by direct mixing. Atomic Force Microscopy study was carried out in order to analyze the surface roughness. Height distribution of surface roughness changes from Gaussian like for polyacrylamide to skew asymmetric when increasing the silica concentration. The length of the distribution tail increases, indicating the formation of multi-scale features that increase in number and size, as the silica increase.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the German research foundation (DFG), French academy of sciences and French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prof. Philippe Meyer and the Meyer Foundation

Allium sulaimanicum: A new Allium species and section from Pakistan

A new species, Allium sulaimanicum, is described from northern Balochistan and southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan based on morphological, molecular, and cytological studies. The new species is characterised by long runner-like cylindrical rhizomes of adult plants, cylindrical bulbs, linear leaves with minute soft hairs along veins, campanulate perigonium, and white to creamy white, ovate to elliptical, 4.5–5-mm-long acute tepals, with brownish to purplish nerves, stamens as long as to slightly longer than tepals, yellow to brick red anthers, hexagonal ovary, and white and papillate/warty along angles. The presence of long herbaceous rhizomes indicated serious isolation of the new species; hence, a new section Sulaimanicum is proposed to accommodate the new species. The new species is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 16. Detailed morphological description, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of plastid spacers (rpl32-trnL (UAG) and trnQ-rps16) and nuclear ITS, karyotype features, and a distribution map of the new species are provided

Classification of adaptation measures and criteria for evaluation Case studies in the Indus River-Basin

This work was carried out by the Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) consortium under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.This working paper is aimed at finding out the climate change adaptations going on across the three HI-AWARE Project Sites in Indus Basin, namely Hunza (High mountains), Soan Basin (Mid hill) and Chaj Doab ( Flood plains). Both autonomous and planned adaptations have been enlisted after thoroughly reviewing published and grey literature. Some focus group discus-sions and key informant interviews were also held in order to know about people experiences, perceptions and existing practices that they are carrying out to sustain their livelihood

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Astragalus (sect. Poterion) Bunge 1868

Key to species of &lt;i&gt;Astragalus&lt;/i&gt; sect. &lt;i&gt;Poterion&lt;/i&gt; Bunge &lt;p&gt;1a. Claws of the wings and keel are only attached basally to the staminal tube......................................................................................2&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;1b. Claws of the wings and keel attached to the staminal tube for 1/2&ndash;3/4 of its length.........................................................................8&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 2a. Stipule amplexicaul, connate throughout almost to the apex, shortly bilobed.................................. &lt;i&gt;A. pachyrhachis&lt;/i&gt; &Scaron;irj. &amp; Rech.f.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;2b. Stipules not amplexicaul or amplexicaul, free from each other.........................................................................................................3&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;3a................................................... Calyx longitudinally 8&ndash;12-nerved, its sinuses glabrous &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;...............................&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;. 4&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;3b. Calyx longitudinally (12&ndash;)14&ndash;40-nerved, its sinuses pilose..............................................................................................................5&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 4a. Corolla pinkish to purplish, vexillum, 12&ndash;18 &times; 5.5&ndash;9 mm, legume 4&ndash;7 &times; (2.5&ndash;) 3&ndash;5 mm, ovate, unilocular, 1&ndash;2-seeded.......................................................................................................................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. anisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; Boiss.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 4b. Corolla white, vexillum, 12&ndash;12.5 &times; 4&ndash;4.5 mm, legume 6&ndash;8 &times; 3‒4.5 mm, broadly ellipsoid, partially bilocular, 2&ndash;4 seeded...................................................................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; A. Khan, A. Sultan &amp; Zarre&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;5a. Calyx longitudinally (12&ndash;) 15&ndash;25-nerved..........................................................................................................................................6&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;5b. Calyx longitudinally 30&ndash;40-nerved....................................................................................................................................................7&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 6a. Calyx 8&ndash;13 mm long, fruiting calyx 10&ndash;14 mm long and 5&ndash;9 mm wide, narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly pink-suffused, teeth 1.5&ndash;3 mm long (in subsp. &lt;i&gt;angustifolius&lt;/i&gt; even longer........................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. calliphysa&lt;/i&gt; Bunge&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 6b. Calyx 10&ndash;15 mm long, fruiting calyx (13&ndash;) 15&ndash;20 mm long and 8&ndash;12 mm wide, broadly ovoid-ellipsoid to almost globose, often red, teeth 3&ndash;5 mm long............................................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. porphyrophysa&lt;/i&gt; Bornm. &amp; Gauba&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 7a. Inflorescences 1&ndash;2-flowered. Limb of the wings not expanded towards the apex. Limb of the keel oblong, 2&ndash;2.5-fold longer than wide. Style pilose only in the basal third. Legume laterally compressed............................................. &lt;i&gt;A. spinosus&lt;/i&gt; (Forssk.) Muschl.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 7b. Inflorescences 2&ndash;5-flowered. Limb of the wings are often expanded towards the tip. Limb of the keel obovate-triangular, less than twice as long as it is wide. The style pilose for 1/2 to 4/5 of its length. Legume dorsally compressed........ &lt;i&gt;A. glaucacanthus&lt;/i&gt; Fisch.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;8a. Stipules 3&ndash;8 mm long, amplexicaul, internodes equal in length or slightly shorter than stipules, stipules sparsely hairy or ciliate only along the margins.......................................................................................................................................................................9&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;8b. Stipules 1&ndash;3 (&ndash;4) mm long, semi-amplexicaul, internodes distinctly shorter, densely hairy in the first year..................................10&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 9a. Leaflets 4&ndash;6-pairs on the main stem, narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, upto 3.5 mm wide. Calyx sinuses narrow, densely pilose............................................................................................................................................................. &lt;i&gt;A. russellii&lt;/i&gt; Banks &amp; Sol.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 9b. Leaflets 2&ndash;4 (&ndash;5)-pairs on the main stem, obovate to widely cuneate-obovate or elliptic to orbicular, 3&ndash;8 mm wide. Calyx sinuses wide, sparsely pilose or glabrous........................................................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. bruguieri&lt;/i&gt; Boiss.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 10a. Ovary and legume glabrous................................................................................................................................. &lt;i&gt;A. baba-alliar&lt;/i&gt; Parsa&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;10b. Ovary and legume pilose..................................................................................................................................................................11&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 11a. Calyx equally covered with short appressed hairs. In leaves with 2-pairs of leaflets, the lower pair of leaflets inserted in the middle of the rachis, the upper pair inserted close to the apex of the rachis................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. baba-alliar&lt;/i&gt; Parsa&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 11b. Calyx glabrous or irregularly and sparsely covered with short appressed hairs. In leaves with 2-pairs of leaflets, both pairs inserted in the lower half of the rachis......................................................................................................................... &lt;i&gt;A. fasciculifolius&lt;/i&gt; Boiss.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Khan, Amjad, Sultan, Amir, Zarre, Shahin &amp; Ishaq, Kamran, 2023, Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus, a new species of section Poterion from northern Balochistan (Pakistan), pp. 236-251 in Phytotaxa 622 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on page 244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.4.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10085205"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10085205&lt;/a&gt

Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus A. Khan, A. Sultan & Zarre 2023, sp. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; A.Khan, A.Sultan &amp; Zarre, &lt;i&gt;sp. nov.&lt;/i&gt; (Figs. 1‒4) &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Holotype:&lt;/b&gt; Pakistan, D6, Balochistan, Zhob district, Ahmadzai Mountain, Babarh Kalay, 31.33833312 N, 69.4875785 E, 2000‒2300 m a.s.l., 26 March 2022, Amjad Khan &amp; Kamran Ishaq 102516 (RAW!).&lt;/p&gt; Diagnosis &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; is closely related to &lt;i&gt;A. anisacanthus&lt;/i&gt;, but differs in having relatively shorter corolla (standard up to 12.5 mm versus 12‒18 mm), white corolla (versus corolla pinkish to purplish), legume semi-bilocular, 2‒4-seeded (versus legume unilocular, 1‒2-seeded) (Tab. 1).&lt;/p&gt; Description &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Plant&lt;/i&gt; spiny shrub 25‒35 cm tall, mostly loosely branched at the base. Hairs white 0.2‒0.5 mm. &lt;i&gt;Stem&lt;/i&gt; of the current year 8‒13 cm, 3‒6 mm thick; bark brownish, internode 4‒8 mm, tomentose, many branches arise from the base. Brachyblasts at the main stem densely tomentose and sometimes glabrescent with age. &lt;i&gt;Stipule&lt;/i&gt; of the main stems white membranous, 1‒2-nerved, 4‒6 mm, basal 2.5‒4 mm adnate to petiole, free part 1.5‒2 mm, half embracing the stem, triangular, densely tomentose. &lt;i&gt;Leaves&lt;/i&gt; of the main stems, 1.5&ndash;3 cm, obliquely to horizontally spreading; petiole 0.4&ndash;1.3 cm, in the young leaf sparsely subappressed hairy, rachis 0.8&ndash;1.7 cm, thin or rigid, terminal spine 1.5&ndash;5.5 mm. &lt;i&gt;Leaflets&lt;/i&gt; in 3&ndash;4 (&ndash;5) pairs, basal leaflets longer, oblanceolate, 2.5&ndash;9.0 &times; 1.5&ndash;3.0 mm, the upper ones smaller and obovate, all shortly mucronulate to mucronate, with a cusp 0.2&ndash;0.5 mm, densely to sparsely pilose on both sides. &lt;i&gt;Leaves of the brachyblasts&lt;/i&gt; 2‒5.5 cm, with a petiole 0.5&ndash;2.5 cm; leaflets in 3&ndash;5(&ndash;6) pairs, 1.5&ndash;7.5 &times; 1&ndash;3.5 mm, round to obovate, flat or sometimes oblanceolate, short mucronulate with a cusp 0.1&ndash;0.3 mm, densely covered on both sides with appressed or subappressed hairs upto 0.5&ndash;0.7 mm. &lt;i&gt;Peduncle&lt;/i&gt; 1&ndash;3.0 cm sparsely covered with spreading hairs or sometimes subappressed hairs. &lt;i&gt;Racemes&lt;/i&gt; 3&ndash;5 flowered, axis 12&ndash;33 mm. &lt;i&gt;Bracts&lt;/i&gt; 1.5&ndash;3.0 &times; 0.5&ndash;2.0 mm, whitish membranous, ovate to lanceolate, acute, faintly 3-nerved, sparsely subappressed hairy. &lt;i&gt;Pedicels&lt;/i&gt; 1.5&ndash;3.0 mm, pilose with spreading white hairs. &lt;i&gt;Bracteoles&lt;/i&gt; 1&ndash;1.5 mm, white membranous, linear, densely pilose. &lt;i&gt;Calyx&lt;/i&gt; at beginning of anthesis tubular, 5.5&ndash;9.5 mm long, 2.5&ndash;4.5 mm wide, yellowish green or cream coloured, at fruiting time becoming inflated or bladderyenlarged, more or less ellipsoid, 8.5&ndash;12 mm long, 6.5&ndash;9 mm wide, with 8&ndash;12 reticulately connected parallel nerves, densely subappressed pilose at anthesis later on loosely covered with subappressed to spreading hairs, calyx teeth subulate basally somewhat triangular, 2.0&ndash;3.0 mm, subequal, pilose with spreading hairs. &lt;i&gt;Petals&lt;/i&gt; white, claws connate at the base with stamen tube. &lt;i&gt;Vexillum&lt;/i&gt; 9&ndash;12.5 mm, blade obliquely recurved, 5&ndash;6.5 &times; 4.0&ndash; 4.5 mm, obovate, retuse or emarginate at the apex, cuneate, claw 6&ndash;7 mm. &lt;i&gt;Wings&lt;/i&gt; 9&ndash;12 mm; blade narrowly oblong to elliptic or obtuse, often slightly emarginate, 4.5 &times; 1.5 mm, auricle 0.4&ndash;0.5 mm, claw 7.5&ndash;8.5 mm. &lt;i&gt;Keel&lt;/i&gt; 9&ndash;10.5 mm; blade obliquely obovate-triangular, with widely to subrectangularly curved lower edge and slightly concave upper edge, subacute, 3.5&ndash;4.5 &times; 1.5&ndash;2 mm, auricle short upto 0.2&times; 0.3 mm, claw 6&ndash;7.5 mm. &lt;i&gt;Stamen&lt;/i&gt; tube 10&ndash;12 mm, truncate at the mouth, apically curved, free part of filaments alternate short (ca. 3 mm) and long (3.5 mm). &lt;i&gt;Ovary&lt;/i&gt; with a 0.9&ndash;1.2 mm stipe, narrowly ellipsoid, densely subappressed hairy with short white hair, style glabrous, often sparsely pilose at the base. &lt;i&gt;Legume&lt;/i&gt; with a 1&ndash;1.5 mm stipe, 6&ndash;8 mm long, 2&ndash;3 mm high and 3&ndash;4.5 wide, coriaceous-papery, ellipsoid, with a beak 1&ndash;1.5 mm; partially bilocular; valves cream-coloured, covered with subappressed white hair upto 0.5 mm. &lt;i&gt;Seeds&lt;/i&gt; 2&ndash;4, 1.5&ndash; 2.5 &times; 1.0&ndash; 1.5 mm, triangular reniform, light brown, granulate.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology:&lt;/b&gt; The species epithet refers to its similarity in general appearance to its closely allied species, i.e. &lt;i&gt;A. anisacanthus&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Phenology:&lt;/b&gt; Flowering from March to April and fruiting from April to May.&lt;/p&gt; Geographical distribution &lt;p&gt; Based on current known distribution &lt;i&gt;A. pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; is endemic to Balochistan. It is only known from one population in the type locality, growing along dry slopes of Ahmadzai Mountain near Babarh village in Zhob district (Fig. 5). Phytogeographically most species of &lt;i&gt;Astragalus&lt;/i&gt; sect. &lt;i&gt;Poterion&lt;/i&gt; are confined to the Irano-Turanian region. Iran is regarded as center of diversity for this section with 9 out of 12 species (75 %), of which four species are exclusively endemic to the country.&lt;/p&gt; Ecology &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; inhabits mixed community comprising &lt;i&gt;Olea europaea&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;cuspidata&lt;/i&gt; (Wall. &amp; G.Don) Ciferri (1942: 96) and &lt;i&gt;Pistacia atlantica&lt;/i&gt; Desfontaines (1799: 364), along mountain slopes and tracks, at an elevation of 2000‒2300 m a.s.l. The other associated taxa include &lt;i&gt;Nepeta praetervisa&lt;/i&gt; Rechinger (1979: 8), &lt;i&gt;Salvia santolinifolia&lt;/i&gt; Boissier (1844: 13), &lt;i&gt;Cousinia haeckeliae&lt;/i&gt; Bornm ̧ller in Friedrich (1938: 40), &lt;i&gt;Astragalus stocksii&lt;/i&gt; Bentham ex Bunge (1868: 6), &lt;i&gt;Astragalus hostilis&lt;/i&gt; Boissier (1872: 306), &lt;i&gt;Ebenus stellata&lt;/i&gt; Boissier (1843: 100), &lt;i&gt;Withania coagulans&lt;/i&gt; (Stocks) Dunal (1852: 685), &lt;i&gt;Sophora mollis&lt;/i&gt; (Royle) Graham ex Baker (1878: 251), &lt;i&gt;Jurinea berardioides&lt;/i&gt; (Boiss.) Hoffmann in Engler &amp; Prantl (1893: 321), &lt;i&gt;Pteropyrum aucheri&lt;/i&gt; Jaubert &amp; Spach (1844: 8), &lt;i&gt;Cistanche tubulosa&lt;/i&gt; (Schenk) Wight ex Hooker (1884: 324), &lt;i&gt;Acantholimon lycopodioides&lt;/i&gt; (Girard) Boissier (1848: 632), and &lt;i&gt;Aristida cyanantha&lt;/i&gt; Steudel (1854: 141).&lt;/p&gt; Conservation status &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; is endemic to Balochistan and is currently known only from a single collection from the type locality. Its habitat is affected by intense anthropogenic activities like heavy grazing by livestock especially, sheep and goats. Local inhabitants uprooted the plants for consumption as firewood. Other threats include road constructions, land sliding and soil erosion due to intense floods. Given the small population size &lt;i&gt;A. pseudoanisacanthus&lt;/i&gt; is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild and is provisionally assessed as critically endangered, CR B1ab (i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v), according to the IUCN (2022) red listing system, as similar cases in different genera and families on various continents have often been attributed to the same threat category (e.g. Perrino &amp; Calabrese 2018; Wagensommer &amp; Venanzoni 2021; Ngoc &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2022; Zhigila &amp; Muasya 2022), further explorations in the area are recommended, to determine its population size and to better evaluate the conservation status, as already suggested in research works with a scientific approach on plant species at risk of extinction (e.g. Perrino 2011; Ren &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2012; Perrino &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2013; Walsh &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 2019).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Khan, Amjad, Sultan, Amir, Zarre, Shahin &amp; Ishaq, Kamran, 2023, Astragalus pseudoanisacanthus, a new species of section Poterion from northern Balochistan (Pakistan), pp. 236-251 in Phytotaxa 622 (4)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 237-243, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.4.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10085205"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/10085205&lt;/a&gt

Novel reduction schemes for a dissipative dynamical system: A study on slow invariant manifolds in chemical kinetics

This research explores the intricate concept of the Slow Invariant Manifold (SIM) and its pivotal role in developing model reduction techniques (MRTs) for challenges within dissipative systems in chemical kinetics, specifically in mechanical engineering. Focusing on the multi-step mechanism with two intermediates, primary approximations of the SIM are constructed and compared using two prominent MRTs: The Spectral Quasi Equilibrium Manifold (SQEM) and Intrinsic Low Dimensional Manifold (ILDM). At the given rate coefficient, a special computational experiment was performed in which the efficiency of chemical species has been compared. Noteworthy innovation involves evaluating SIM separately for reduced species, departing from the conventional approach of considering every species within the mechanism. The study employs local sensitivity analysis with MATLAB's Sim-Biology toolbox, presenting quantitative findings in a tabular format for a comprehensive MRT comparison. Beyond contributing to a deeper understanding of model reduction techniques in complex chemical kinetics, this research marks the first computational exploration of dissipative systems. The novel perspective of evaluating SIM for reduced species offers nuanced insights, emphasizing the critical role of SIM in effectively addressing challenges in mechanical engineering applications. In summary, this study introduces computational advancements and novel approaches, advancing model reduction techniques and highlighting the significance of SIM in addressing challenges within mechanical engineering contexts

Adsorptive desulfurization of model oil using untreated, acid activated and magnetite nanoparticle loaded bentonite as adsorbent

The present research work focuses on a novel ultraclean desulfurization process of model oil by the adsorption method using untreated, acid activated and magnetite nanoparticle loaded bentonite as adsorbent. The parameters investigated are effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dibenzothiophene (DBT) concentration and temperature. Experimental tests were conducted in batch process. Pseudo first and second order kinetic equations were used to examine the experimental data. It was found that pseudo second order kinetic equation described the data of the DBT adsorption onto all types of adsorbents very well. The isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir isotherm model fits the data very well for the adsorption of DBT onto all three forms of adsorbents. The adsorption of DBT was also investigated at different adsorbent doses and was found that the percentage adsorption of DBT was increased with increasing the adsorbent dose, while the adsorption in mg/g was decreased with increasing the adsorbent dose. The prepared adsorbents were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Brain Tumor Detection Using 3D-UNet Segmentation Features and Hybrid Machine Learning Model

Machine learning has significantly improved disease diagnosis, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of the healthcare system. One critical area where it proves beneficial is diagnosing brain tumors, a life-threatening disease, where early and accurate predictions can save lives. This study focuses on deploying a machine learning-based approach for brain tumor detection, utilizing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features. We train the proposed model using 3D-UNet and 2D-UNet segmentation features extracted from MRI, encompassing shape, statistics, gray level size zone matrix, gray level dependence matrix, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and gray level run length matrix values. To improve performance, we propose a hybrid model that combines the strengths of two machine learning models, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and gradient boosting classifier (GBC), using soft voting criteria. We combine them because, in cases where KNN exhibits poor performance for certain data points, GBC demonstrates significant performance, and vice versa, where GBC shows poor results, KNN performs significantly better. With 2D-UNet segmentation features, the model achieves a 64&#x0025; accuracy. By training it on 3D-UNet segmentation features, we achieve a significant accuracy of 71&#x0025; which surpasses existing state-of-the-art models that utilize 3D-UNet segmentation features