The Development and Validation of the M.A.W.W.: A Measure to Assess Men\u27s Allyhood toward Women in the Workplace

In the workplace, women can experience stereotyping and marginalization as a result of their gender (Eagly & Carli, 2007; Gipson, Pfaff, Mendelsohn, Catenacci, & Burke, 2017). Having allies, or people who are supportive of or who advocate for an oppressed group can help members of marginalized communities to achieve personal and social success (Drury, 2014; Evans & Washington, 1991). The Men’s Allyhood toward Women in the Workplace (M.A.W.W.) measure seeks to evaluate men’s supportiveness of women in the workplace, enabling researchers and practitioners to understand and improve the climate for women at work. The M.A.W.W. was first developed with the input of five subject matter experts who commented on the clarity and relevance of a list of 84 proposed items. The item pool was pared down from 84 items to 59 which were then subjected to an exploratory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis narrowed the item pool from 59 to seventeen items. Although it was hypothesized that the M.A.W.W. would yield six factors, only three factors were supported by the analysis: Knowledge & Awareness, Action, and Skills & Capacity. These three factors showed internal consistency reliabilities that ranged from acceptable to excellent. A confirmatory factor analysis then led to the deletion of two more items, yielding a total of fifteen items for the final, three-factor version of the M.A.W.W. Convergent validity of this final measure was demonstrated by positive correlations with scales assessing affirming attitudes toward women in general. Evidence of divergent validity was shown with negative correlations with scales assessing negative and prejudicial attitudes against women. Furthermore, construct evidence was demonstrated with statistical analysis showing no correlation between the M.A.W.W. and a personality scale

The Rise of Reason in Planning Law: Daniel R. Mandelker and the Relationship of the Comprehensive Plan in Land Use Regulation

This Essay focuses upon the skills of our honoree, Professor Daniel R. Mandelker, in presenting and advocating the fundamental organizing principles of planning law itself

Two different worlds: the contrast between the spiritual and the political man in the writings of St Augustine of hippo

This work examines the central position of Augustine of Hippo in the evolution of Christian political thought. Born less than fifty years after the Edict of Milan and dying less than fifty years before the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Augustine’s stature in life and in history and the survival of most of his works make him an important thinker in western political philosophy. Augustine's thought allows Christianity to assume political power while retaining its otherworldly orientation and forms a transition from traditional Christian acceptance of power to its use. That Augustine and his contemporaries in the Church would have participated in the administration of the Western Empire, as he did in the last years of the Empire, would have been unthinkable at the time of his birth. The dissertation ascribes the development of Augustinian political thought to the confluence of his reading of Neo-Platonic and Pauline sources and the growing political and social darkness he finds around him. In particular, the dissertation holds that Augustine found that a believer has obligations in two different worlds, i.e., the political and social world of earthly existence and the spiritual obligations of the world to come. The work describes his thoughtful analysis of the believer's duties in the family, the Church, and the world, based mainly on Pauline injunctions. Finally, it analyzes the application of the use of the civil power in combating the Donatist schism, a position which may have been based on an historical accident, for Augustine previously shunned the use of force. Once the command to use force is given, however, he supports it fully. For Augustine, it is obedience to duly constituted authority that is required and the internal disposition of love that governs such obedience. Subjection of the will of man to man is necessary to effect a complete subjection to the will of God to attain salvation

Protecting Oregon\u27s Estuaries

Estuaries are an invaluable part of a coastal ecosystem where plant and animal species indigenous to fresh and salt waters mix. Since 1971, the United States government has encouraged states to study and protect coastal resources. Oregon is one of those states and has almost 600 kilometers of coast, an area with only about 6% of the state’s population. Oregon also has a statewide planning program, which establishes binding policies, called “goals,” for local governments (cities and counties) to carry out. The constellation of available federal funds, a state and local desire to protect coastal resources, and a mechanism to do so resulted in a complex, though effective, program to assure that estuaries, shorelands, beaches and dunes and ocean resources were subject to state policy making, planning and regulation. The paper reviews the history and content of Goal 16, Estuarine Resources. Indeed, given the general lack of resources available to local governments on the Oregon Coast and the general antipathy to regulation, it was remarkable that these smaller local governments agreed to undertake this complex project. The coastal goals, including Goal 16, were adopted in 1977, setting off a 10-year process of draft inventories, plans and regulations which culminated in 1986 when the last of the 29 cities and 7 counties were “acknowledged” as complying with all the goals. Under a broad goal direction to protect estuarine resources and allow development only when appropriate, Oregon has classified 22 “major“ estuaries, which were further classified to be “natural,” “conservation” or “development” (each classification allowing a greater degree of human activity) and “minor” estuaries, which were generally to be left undisturbed. Each of the estuaries were further classified into “management units” to allow activities that did not exceed the capacity of its overall classification Local governments then adopted plans and implementing regulations to assure that land uses were consistent with these classifications and the policies of the goal. In addition to these policies, the goal contains a number of specific directions for land use, including avoidance of dredging, filling and fill material disposal in estuaries if other alternatives are available, requiring impact analyses in local plans and permitting, planning and permit coordination with applicable federal, state and local public agencies, avoidance of duplicate regulation and the like. The Oregon story may be helpful to others facing similar planning and regulatory complexities

The Role of State Planning Law in The Regulation and Protection of Ocean Resources

While land use planning is pervasive in the United States, legal structures for the planning and management of ocean resources are less well known or studied. The passage of the federal Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972 provided federal funds for state planning and regulation of coastal areas, with the incentive of binding federal agencies to state and regulations plans certified by the Secretary of Commerce. Most of the focus of CZMA study has been on estuaries and coastal shorelands; much less focus has been on coastal waters. Regarding coastal waters, more attention is given to the three mile ocean area off the coastline and islands over which states have concurrent jurisdiction with the federal government than to the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) unilaterally declared by the Reagan Administration, over which states have no constitutional jurisdiction. This paper discusses how the State of Oregon deals with its offshore ocean planning and resource management. This state has had a comprehensive state planning and land use regulatory system for its non-federal lands since 1973. Under that system, a state agency adopts and assures implementation of 19 state policies (called goals), including resource lands preservation, urbanization and coastal management. Under the Ocean Resources Goal, ocean policies based on science, consultation with ocean-based communities and public agency coordination, are examined and evaluated with regard to their effectiveness in meeting climate change, alternative energy proposals and dwindling marine resources

Twenty Years After—Renewed Significance of the Comprehensive Plan Requirement

Part I of this Article reviews the case law and legislation that have addressed the relationship between planning and zoning to determine whether (and if so, what) meaningful changes have occurred. Part II discusses the trend toward statewide land use planning. Important examples of legislative activity in this area are briefly outlined, including shorelands and wetlands protection acts. Part III identifies areas of planning law likely to be of major concern in the coming years: plan adoption and amendment, rationalization of the planning process, and pre-emption of local control by both state and federal land use planning activity