104 research outputs found

    University Students' Online Learning During COVID-19: The Role of Grit in Academic Performance

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    The governmental restriction due to COVID-19 pandemic led to Italian Universities moving teaching from face-to-face, to online. This represented an unexpected transition from traditional learning to what can be considered “e-learning.” This, together with the psychological distress that may be associated with the experience of lockdown, might have affected students' performance. It was hypothesised that grit may be a protective factor in such situations. Indeed, compared to their less “gritty” peers, individuals with higher levels of grit are expected to exhibit greater persistence in the pursuit of goals despite setbacks. Within educational contexts, grit is portrayed as a potentially important influence on outcomes such as achievement level, retention and probability of graduation. A longitudinal study was conducted using an online survey in order to assess the moderated mediation effect of grit on students' achievement. One hundred seventy-six undergraduate students from two universities in the north of Italy participated in the survey. The results showed that grit affects students' grades in final exams; perceived self-efficacy in the management of complex problems had a mediation effect on grades, while psychological distress moderated the first part of the mediation process. These novel findings extended our knowledge regarding the role of grit in academic performance investigating for the first time the role of self-efficacy and psychological distress in a learning carried out entirely online

    Preventable hospitalization and access to primary health care in an area of Southern Italy

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC), such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, are conditions that can be managed with timely and effective outpatient care reducing the need of hospitalization. Avoidable hospitalizations for ACSC have been used to assess access, quality and performance of the primary care delivery system. The aims of this study were to quantify the proportion of avoidable hospital admissions for ACSCs, to identify the related patient's socio-demographic profile and health conditions, to assess the relationship between the primary care access characteristics and preventable hospitalizations, and the usefulness of avoidable hospitalizations for ACSCs to monitor the effectiveness of primary health care.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A random sample of 520 medical records of patients admitted to medical wards (Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Pneumology, Geriatrics) of a non-teaching acute care 717-bed hospital located in Catanzaro (Italy) were reviewed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 31.5% of the hospitalizations in the sample were judged to be preventable. Of these, 40% were for congestive heart failure, 23.2% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 13.5% for angina without procedure, 8.4% for hypertension, and 7.1% for bacterial pneumonia. Preventable hospitalizations were significantly associated to age and sex since they were higher in older patients and in males. The proportion of patients who had a preventable hospitalization significantly increased with regard to the number of hospital admissions in the previous year and to the number of patients for each primary care physician (PCP), with lower number of PCP accesses and PCP medical visits in the previous year, with less satisfaction about PCP health services, and, finally, with worse self-reported health status and shorter length of hospital stay.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The findings from this study add to the evidence and the urgency of developing and implementing effective interventions to improve delivery of health care at the community level and provided support to the usefulness of avoidable hospitalizations for ACSCs to monitor this process.</p

    Positive Psychology at School: the effect of cueing system and Visual Performance Feedback on teacher use of approval in the classroom

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    Practical, actionable information about the positive behavioral approach to education is in desperately short supply, and yet when implemented properly the impact on school behavior and achievement can be enormous (Swinson & Harrop, 2012). A considerable number of behavioral research and demonstration studies, carried out over the past 40 years, has consistently shown that teacher behavior may have a powerful influence on the behavior of both individual students and whole classes (see for example the classic studies by Madsen et al., 1968). Across the studies (for an update review see Beaman & Wheldall, 2009) there is little evidence to suggest that teachers, universally, systematically deploy contingent praise as positive reinforcement in spite of the considerable literature testifying to its effectiveness. Most of the research does show that teachers use more approval than disapproval but most of this approval is directed at students' academic behavior rather than their social behavior in the classroom. Praise for appropriate social behavior is quite rare whereas disapproval (reprimands) for inappropriate social behavior is common. Such key teacher behaviors as contingent praise/approval and reprimand/disapproval may be systematically deployed by teachers so as to increase both academic and appropriate social behaviors and to decrease inappropriate behaviors (e.g. Merrett & Wheldall, 1990; Swinson & Harrop, 2001). Audio cueing systems and visual performance feedback were demonstrated to be efficient and useful tools for increasing teacher use of praise (Reinke et al. 2007; Van Houten & Sullivan, 1975). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of the cueing system and Visual Performance Feedback on teacher and student behavior. Although the increase in approvals for social behaviors was not significant, results indicated that implementation of the cueing system plus Visual Performance Feedback decreased use of reprimands for social behaviors from 50% to 28%. Further, these changes in teacher behavior contributed to decreases in classroom disruptive behavior. The results are encouraging because they suggest that consultation at the classroom level can create meaningful teacher and student behavior change

    Strumenti per l’insegnante in classe

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    Il volume intende fornire ai professionisti della psicologia dello sviluppo e dell'educazione un corpus di conoscenze e abilità utili a identificare i problemi evolutivi, valutarli e programmare interventi efficaci volti al loro superamento. Il filo conduttore è lo sviluppo del bambino: basato sui più recenti risultati della ricerca e scritto con un linguaggio accessibile anche ai non esperti, il volume propone una lente bifocale per lo studio dello sviluppo psicologico dell'individuo, dall'infanzia all'ingresso nel mondo della scuola, dall'adolescenza fino alla transizione all'età adulta. Un'unica lente per guardare da vicino i processi di sviluppo, indicandone i tempi e i modi di compimento, le teorie e i metodi di studio, ma anche per guardare lontano e vedere le applicazioni che queste conoscenze possono avere nel mondo dell'educazione, della formazione e dell'orientamento. Di tutti i temi trattati, infatti, vengono forniti concetti teorici generali ma anche esemplificazioni pratiche di tecniche di rilevazione, metodologie e strategie di intervento, in un percorso ideale che accompagna, nel corso della crescita, il bambino e chi si prende cura della sua educazione, nella convinzione che identificazione e intervento rappresentino le due facce della stessa medaglia. In quest'ottica il testo rappresenta un utile strumento non solo per i professionisti che lavorano a vario titolo con i bambini, gli insegnanti, gli educatori, ma anche gli studenti universitari delle lauree triennali e magistrali che si occuperanno di educazione e di clinica dello sviluppo

    Approvazioni e disapprovazioni dell’insegnante e gestione efficace dei comportamenti problema in classe

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    Introduzione Numerose ricerche hanno dimostrato che il comportamento dell’insegnante ha una forte influenza sul comportamento degli studenti (Stronge, 2008). Da una rassegna (Beaman & Wheldall, 2000) è risultato che: gli insegnanti emettono più disapprovazioni che approvazioni nei confronti degli studenti; le approvazioni sono perlopiù rivolte ai comportamenti di tipo scolastico e quasi mai alla condotta; saper gestire le approvazioni permette, sia di migliorare l’interazione in classe, sia di far fronte al rischio di burnout dell’insegnante. Obiettivo del nostro studio era quello di incrementare il numero di approvazioni degli insegnanti in classe (variabile indipendente); dimostrare che un incremento nell’uso di approvazioni porta ad un decremento dei comportamenti problema degli studenti (variabile dipendente). Metodo Il campione era costituito dagli alunni di due classi IV di scuola primaria; due insegnanti. L’intervento, condotto dallo scrivente durante il normale svolgimento delle lezioni, durato 4 mesi, prevedeva la combinazione di strategie classiche di modelling (Martin & Pear, 2000) adattate dai ricercatori agli obiettivi e alla letteratura recente (Cooper et al., 2007): un Change Criterion Design per l’aumento delle approvazioni dell’insegnante, un visual display dei risultati e strategie di automonitoraggio per gli studenti. Risultati Oltre agli effetti esplicitati dalla traduzione grafica del disegno sperimentale, l’analisi condotta sulle percentuali dei comportamenti emessi prima e dopo l’intervento ha evidenziato che l’intervento ha influito sull’emissione di approvazioni e disapprovazioni invertendone la tendenza; i comportamenti problema degli studenti sono diminuiti. Conclusioni Lo studio ha suggerito che anche un intervento contingente può influire su una più efficace gestione della classe. Ulteriori ricerche andrebbero condotte a scuola, motivando le Dirigenze Scolastiche a promuovere il ruolo dei supervisori come un valore aggiunto per la professionalità degli insegnanti

    Factors associated with and impact of burnout in nursing and residential home care workers for the elderly

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    Background and aim of the work: Numbers of elderly people worldwide continue to grow. Increasingly these individuals require nursing and residential care to meet their needs. Nursing is an occupation associated with burnout amongst its workforce, associated with increases of emotional exhaustion, deperson-alisation and decreases in personal accomplishment. This review of literature provides a more detailed picture of the associations and predictors of burnout within this setting, and also considers the implications this holds for patient care, before providing recommendations for managers of such settings. Methods: Literature searches were conducted across a range of academic databases with a series of relevant keywords. Results: Examination of search results suggested several factors relating to staff burnout including occupational aspects, types of setting, staff perceptions, coping strategies, education and training and the impact of burnout on care delivery. Conclusions: Studies from across the globe suggest that burnout is prevalent amongst staff working in nursing and residential homes caring for elderly people, with implications for the patients, staff and home-care providers. Factors associated with burnout appear to include perceptions of job stress and occupational aspects, as well as the types of coping mechanisms staff employ. Managing grief associated with death of patients at work, as well as staff perceptions of both clients and their illnesses also appear related to burnout as well as the specific type of healthcare setting

    La disposizione dei banchi: effetti e rapporto con le attivitĂ  in classe

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    La disposizione dei banchi è una variabile strutturale dell’ambiente classe che può aiutare a prevenire i comportamenti di disturbo che influiscono sull’attenzione degli studenti e tolgono tempo alla didattica. Uno studio osservativo condotto, in Italia, su 9 classi di scuola primaria e cinque classi di scuola secondaria di I grado, aveva l’obiettivo di valutare quale o quali tipi di disposizione dei banchi potessero favorire il tempo trascorso sul compito da parte degli studenti. Mentre alla primaria è la disposizione a ferro di cavallo che sembra favorire l’emissione di comportamenti orientati al compito, alla secondaria, è quella in banchi sparsi; la prima, inoltre, è risultata essere particolarmente utile durante la spiegazione di un argomento nuovo, il ripasso e lo svolgimento di compiti individuali

    Approvazione in forma scritta a scuola: effetti sull’apprendimento e sul comportamento

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    Numerose ricerche sulle interazioni insegnante-allievi hanno dimostrato che, incrementando il numero di approvazioni rispetto alle disapprovazioni, si ottengono miglioramenti sostanziali nella condotta degli studenti (Swinson, Harrop, 2012). Non è mai stato indagato, però, l’effetto dell’approvazione in forma scritta né sulla performance accademica né sulla condotta in classe. Il presente studio è nato dall’esigenza di due insegnanti di scuola secondaria di primo grado di motivare i propri studenti allo svolgimento delle esercitazioni in preparazione delle prove INVALSI previste per l’Esame di Stato. L’ipotesi è che l’incremento del numero di approvazioni nei feedback scritti forniti dagli insegnanti per lo svolgimento delle prove, porti ad un miglioramento nella condotta e nella performance sul compito da parte degli allievi. A tal fine si è implementato un disegno di ricerca a linee di base multiple differite per dare l’approvazione prima ad un terzo degli studenti, poi ai due terzi e infine all’intera classe. I risultati, in fase di elaborazione, sembrano andare nella direzione prevista dall’ipotesi, fornendo indicazioni su una strategia di facile gestione per l’incremento del successo scolastic

    A review of recent large-scale systematic UK classroom observations, method and findings, utility and impact

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    Recent systematic observations of UK classrooms are reviewed. Findings about how verbal teacher-feedback and students’ on-task behaviour are associated are discussed. The method, utility and impact of this type of quantitative research are discussed using a large-scale (mass) secondary school study. Findings include: the use of positive feedback by secondary teachers was not associated with students staying on-task more; teachers who talked more when teaching was not associated with students staying on-task more; secondary teachers use positive or critical verbal feedback in relation to academic work and/or behaviour proportionately in similar ratios to primary teachers; students are more on-task with more experienced teachers; more experienced teachers use more verbal behaviour including verbal feedback; teachers use less verbal feedback in inverse proportion to year-group seniority; older secondary students (by year group) are less on-task–irrespective of teacher feedback; secondary students are less on-task (78.15%) than primary students (85.23%)
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