Morphine-3-glucuronide causes antinociceptive cross-tolerance to morphine and increases spinal substance P expression

Morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), the main metabolite of morphine, has been implicated in the development of tolerance and of opioid-induced hyperalgesia, both limiting the analgesic use of morphine. We evaluated the acute and chronic effects of M3G and morphine as well as development of antinociceptive cross-tolerance between morphine and M3G after intrathecal administration and assessed the expression of pain-associated neurotransmitter substance P in the spinal cord. Sprague-Dawley rats received intrathecal M3G or morphine twice daily for 6 days. Nociception and tactile allodynia were measured with von Frey filaments after acute and chronic treatments. Substance P levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were determined by immunohistochemistry after 4-day treatments. Acute morphine caused antinociception as expected, whereas acute M3G caused tactile allodynia, as did both chronic M3G and morphine. Chronic M3G also induced antinociceptive cross-tolerance to morphine. M3G and morphine increased substance P levels similarly in the nociceptive laminae of the spinal cord. This study shows that chronic intrathecal M3G sensitises animals to mechanical stimulation and elevates substance P levels in the nociceptive laminae of the spinal cord. Chronic M3G also induces antinociceptive cross-tolerance to morphine. Thus, chronic M3G exposure might contribute to morphine-induced tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia.Peer reviewe

An Empirical Model for the Radio Emission from Pulsars

A model for slow radio pulsars is proposed which involves the entire magnetosphere in the production of the observed radio emission. It is argued that observations of pulsar profiles suggest that a feedback mechanism exists between the star surface and the null charge surface, requiring particle flow in both directions. In their flow to and from the surface the particles execute an azimuthal drift around the magnetic pole, thereby creating a ring of discrete `emission nodes' close to the surface. Motion of the nodes is observed as the well-known subpulse `drift', but is interpreted here as a small residual component of the real particle drift. The nodes can therefore move in either direction, or even remain stationary. A precise fit is found for the pulsar PSR0943+10. Azimuthal interactions between different regions of the magnetosphere depend on the angle between the magnetic and rotation axes and influence the conal type, as observed. The requirement of intermittent weak pair-production in an outergap suggests a natural evolutionary link between radio and gamma-ray pulsars.Comment: 17 pages 8 figure

Observations of Non-radial Pulsations in Radio Pulsars

We introduce a model for pulsars in which non-radial oscillations of high spherical degree (l) aligned to the magnetic axis of a spinning neutron star reproduce the morphological features of pulsar beams. In our model, rotation of the pulsar carries a pattern of pulsation nodes underneath our sightline, reproducing the longitude stationary structure seen in average pulse profiles, while the associated time-like oscillations reproduce "drifting subpulses"--features that change their longitude between successive pulsar spins. We will show that the presence of nodal lines can account for observed 180 degree phase jumps in drifting subpulses and their otherwise poor phase stability, even if the time-like oscillations are strictly periodic. Our model can also account for the "mode changes" and "nulls" observed in some pulsars as quasiperiodic changes between pulsation modes of different l or radial overtone n, analogous to pulsation mode changes observed in oscillating white dwarf stars. We will discuss other definitive and testable requirements of our model and show that they are qualitatively supported by existing data. While reserving judgment until the completion of quantitative tests, we are inspired enough by the existing observational support for our model to speculate about the excitation mechanism of the non-radial pulsations, the physics we can learn from them, and their relationship to the period evolution of pulsars.Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures (as separate png files), Astrophysical Journal, in pres

Causes of ecological disaster in the Armyansk and possible measures to prevent such accident

This article analyzes the data sources on the environmental disaster that occurred in the city of Armyansk, located on the Perekop isthmus, which connects the Crimean Peninsula with the continent, analyzes violations of the requirements for the use, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals, the circumstances of the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere and the reasons that led to this, moreover this article analyzes creation of measures to prevent such accidents.В данной статье проведен анализ данных источников об экологической катастрофе, произошедшей в г. Армянск, расположенном на Перекопском перешейке, который соединяет Крымский полуостров с континентом, разбор нарушений требований к использованию, хранению и утилизации опасных химических веществ, обстоятельствах выброса сернистого ангидрида в атмосферу и причины, приведшие к этому, а также произведена разработка мер по предупреждению аналогичных аварий

Causes of ecological disaster in the Armyansk and possible measures to prevent such accident

This article analyzes the data sources on the environmental disaster that occurred in the city of Armyansk, located on the Perekop isthmus, which connects the Crimean Peninsula with the continent, analyzes violations of the requirements for the use, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals, the circumstances of the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere and the reasons that led to this, moreover this article analyzes creation of measures to prevent such accidents.В данной статье проведен анализ данных источников об экологической катастрофе, произошедшей в г. Армянск, расположенном на Перекопском перешейке, который соединяет Крымский полуостров с континентом, разбор нарушений требований к использованию, хранению и утилизации опасных химических веществ, обстоятельствах выброса сернистого ангидрида в атмосферу и причины, приведшие к этому, а также произведена разработка мер по предупреждению аналогичных аварий

Regional aspects of continuing education of the population in the context of human development

Abstract: The accelerated pace of change, modernization and innovative development of society require huge resources. Human potential, and above all, the potential of youth is, in our opinion, the central of them. In the article on the material of sociological research «The Continuing Education and the Social Well-being» conducted by the Department of social problems IEIE RAS SB, studied educational behavior, value assessment and motivation of continuing education among the economically active population of the region, compares the educational and professional potential of different groups of urban and rural population in two generations «youth – non-youth». «Youth» refers to the population aged 16–30 years, «non-youth» – a population of 31 to 45 years. The research problem that directed this research, is the lack of informed knowledge about the role of ontinuing education in the formation of human development of young people in different socio-territorial conditions. Amid quite a mass we of equipment for both urban and rural youth, the factor of computer and digital devices plays a role in the inclusion of young adults in continuing education. It was found a direct link of dissatisfaction about continuing education with lack of access to information technology (laptop, home Internet, digital office equipment, etc.) and with low material wellbeing of the family. Along with the importance of information technology in continuing education, young adults still considers the most preferred forms of supplementary professional education (hereinafter SPE) activities in organized courses with qualified teachers and methods. Differences in attitudes to supplementary professional education (SPE) between urban and rural youth are identified, first, by less involvement in the real educational activity (in particular, in formal education), compensated, however, by large intentions plans to engage in continuing education. Secondly, by different structure of types of training among these groups. So, in a large city there are more part-time students, but in rural areas – more participants of courses, receiving this way a new profession and rare training in «old» one. It is revealed that the need for continuing education of the adult population is manifested at different levels of actualization – from smaller in the solution prolonging of operational production issues to medium (next 2–3 years) plans for education and to more about the massive level, when young workers is consider training in the context of their status in main profession (if necessary to pass examination, get certificate, obtain additional knowledge and skills, etc.). Learning in the formal education system expressed more clearly by pragmatic reasons (work, position, career), along with cultural and professional, and in SPE there are more professional and adaptive to the labour market, along with cultural ones. In this regard, we see opportunities to strengthen the effectiveness of continuing education in strategies of young people, and to focus of state youth policy on these tasks