Alleviating Surgeons’ Stress through Listening to Natural Sounds in a Half-Encapsulated Rest Space after an Operation: A Pilot, Longitudinal Field Study

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Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions’ effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior—several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people’s initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors

Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.</p

Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.</p

Complex Magnetization Harmonics of Polydispersive Magnetic Nanoclusters

Understanding magnetic interparticle interactions within a single hydrodynamic volume of polydispersed magnetic nanoparticles and the resulting nonlinear magnetization properties is critical for their implementation in magnetic theranostics. However, in general, the field-dependent static and dynamic magnetization measurements may only highlight polydispersity effects including magnetic moment and size distributions. Therefore, as a complement to such typical analysis of hysteretic magnetization curves, we spectroscopically examined the complex magnetization harmonics of magnetic nanoclusters either dispersed in a liquid medium or immobilized by a hydrocolloid polymer, later to emphasize the harmonic characteristics for different core sizes. In the case of superparamagnetic nanoclusters with a 4-nm primary size, particularly, we correlated the negative quadrature components of the third-harmonic susceptibility with an insignificant cluster rotation induced by the oscillatory field. Moreover, the field-dependent in-phase components appear to be frequency-independent, suggesting a weak damping effect on the moment dynamics. The characteristic of the N&eacute;el time constant further supports this argument by showing a smaller dependence on the applied dc bias field, in comparison to that of larger cores. These findings show that the complex harmonic components of the magnetization are important attributes to the interacting cores of a magnetic nanocluster

Submillimeter magnetic particle imaging with low symmetrical field gradient

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) requires high field gradient to acquire sharp point spread function used to refine spatial resolution for submillimeter imaging of cells and small animal models. Since the steep field gradient potentially causes difficulty in the sample handling and the signal processing, minimizing the field gradient is more practical even though it degrades the spatial resolution. By modulating relaxation responses of magnetic nanotracers at two distinctive frequencies: 2 kHz and 1MHz, we reconstructed images of Resovist® sample placed in a 1.4×1.4 mm2 field of view. This modulated MPI implements 2 sets of permanent magnets of which the same polarity faces one another to create a 2 Tm-1 symmetrical field gradient on the xy plane and 3 Tm-1 on the z axis. Although the spatial resolution appears poor to differentiate two-neighboring circular phantoms of dense liquid samples, we could visualize a 1-mm ring-shaped solid sample with 0.1 mm thickness. &nbsp; Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag. 6(2), Suppl. 1, 2020, Article ID: 2009013, DOI: 10.18416/IJMPI.2020.200901

Configuring magnetoresistive sensor array for head-sized magnetic particle imaging

Magnetoresistive (MR) sensors offer a solution to enable unidirectional detection of sub-pT signal. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) can benefit from this high sensitivity to challenge its operability under low excitation fields. Here, we built a prototype of brain MPI scanner by using MR sensor array to directly map stray fields of the magnetized magnetic nanoparticles. The array was a 13×13 matrix with 15 mm sensor pitch and installed at 100 mm apart from excitation coil with 200 mm in diameter. We magnetically compensated both the drive field and geomagnetism to position MR sensor at field-free environment. Preliminarily, we were able to detect a 37 mgFe ferrofluid sample at 50 mm apart from the array under field amplitudes up to 100 ?T/?0 at 10 kHz. The resulting noise level appears independent to the applied field, which becomes an advantage to further implement higher drive fields within magnetostimulation safety limits

Effect of Faint Road Traffic Noise Mixed in Birdsong on the Perceived Restorativeness and Listeners’ Physiological Response: An Exploratory Study

Many studies have reported that natural sounds (e.g., birdsong) are more restorative than urban noise. These studies have used physiological and psychological indicators, such as the skin conductance level (SCL) and the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS), to evaluate the restorative effect of natural sounds. However, the effect of faint background noise mixed with birdsong on the restorativeness of birdsong has not been described yet. In the current experiment, we examined whether traffic noise affects the perceived restorativeness and the physiological restorativeness of birdsong in a low-stress condition using the SCL and the PRS. The scores of the PRS showed that birdsong significantly increased the perceived restorativeness of the place regardless of the car noise, but no significant difference was found between these two birdsongs. In contrast, physiologically, the birdsong without car noise decreased the participants&rsquo; SCL significantly more than the birdsong with car noise did. These results indicate that the SCL would be useful to detect the effect of background noise on natural sound when the noise is too low to affect the perceived restorativeness. This study highlights the importance of measuring the SCL besides assessing perceived restorativeness to describe the characteristics of restorative natural sound in future research