Pemetaan Kasus Tuberkulosis di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2020 Menggunakan Model Bayesian Spasial BYM dan Leroux

Tuberkulosis (TBC) merupakan penyakit menular yang merupakan salah satu dari sepuluh penyebab utama kematian di dunia. Indonesia merupakan negara yang menempati urutan tertinggi kedua penderita TBC di dunia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi area dengan risiko relatif (RR) tinggi TBC maupun rendah dengan menggunakan model Bayesian spasial Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Besag-York-Molliѐ (BYM) dan Leroux. Data kasus TBC di setiap 24 kabupaten/kota di provinsi Sulawesi Selatan tahun 2020 digunakan. Model terbaik dipilih berdasarkan tiga kriteria yaitu Deviance Information Criteria (DIC) dan Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC). Dari hasil analisis, diperoleh bahwa model Bayesian Spasial CAR BYM dan CAR Leroux dengan hyperprior IG (0,5; 0,0005) merupakan model terbaik yang memiliki nilai RR yang sama. Kota Makassar merupakan wilayah dengan nilai RR tertinggi (1,70) yang mengindikasikan bahwa Kota Makassar memiliki risiko TBC 70% lebih tinggi dari rata-rata. Sebaliknya, Kabupaten Toraja memiliki risiko TBC terendah (0,43) yang menunjukkan bahwa Toraja memiliki risiko TBC 43% lebih rendah dari rata-rata.Kata Kunci: Tuberkulosis, Bayesian, spasial CAR, BYM, Leroux Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is one of the ten leading causes of death in the world. Indonesia is a country with the second-highest number of TB sufferers in the world. This study aims to identify areas with a high and low relative risk (RR) of TB by using the Bayesian Spatial Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Besag-York-Molliѐ (BYM) and Leroux models. TB case data in every 24 districts/cities in South Sulawesi province in 2020 is used. The best model was selected based on three criteria, namely Deviance Information Criteria (DIC) and Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC). The results show that the Bayesian Spatial CAR BYM and CAR Leroux with hyperprior IG (0.5; 0.0005) are the best models that have the same RR value. Makassar City is the area with the highest RR value (1.70) which indicates that Makassar City has a TB risk 70% higher than the average. On the other hand, the Toraja district has the lowest TB risk (0.43) which indicates that Toraja has a TB risk 43% lower than the average

Pemisahan Itrium dengan Cara Ekstraksi Menggunakan Solven TOPO

Telah dilakukan proses pemisahan itrium dengan cara ekstraksi menggunakan solven TOPO. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstraktan, waktu pengadukan, dan keasaman umpan logam tanah jarang serta mengetahui koefisien distribusi (Kd), faktor pisah (FP), dan efisiensi ekstraksi (%), dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair. Umpan yang digunakan adalah logam tanah jarang dari pasir senotim. Ekstraktan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah TOPO (tri-n-oktilfosfina oksida). Kadar itrium (Y), disprosium (Dy), dan gadolinium (Gd) ditentukan menggunakan spektrometer pendar sinar-X. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh dari penelitian proses ekstraksi ini meliputi: konsentrasi ekstraktan 20% TOPO dalam kerosin, waktu pengadukan 15 menit, keasaman umpan 0,5 M. Nilai koefisien distribusi yang diperoleh Y = 5,61; Dy = 2,06; Gd = 0,99. Efisiensi ekstraksi Y = 85,13%, Dy = 67,80%, Gd = 50,17% sedangkan faktor pisah Y-Dy = 2,7186 dan Y-Gd = 5,6861

Has decentralisation affected child immunisation status in Indonesia?

Background: The past two decades have seen many countries, including a number in Southeast Asia, decentralising their health system with the expectation that this reform will improve their citizens’ health. However, the consequences of this reform remain largely unknown. Objective: This study analyses the effects of fiscal decentralisation on child immunisation status in Indonesia. Design: We used multilevel logistic regression analysis to estimate these effects, and multilevel multiple imputation to manage missing data. The 2011 publication of Indonesia's national socio-economic survey (Susenas) is the source of household data, while the Podes village census survey from the same year provides village-level data. We supplement these with local government fiscal data from the Ministry of Finance. Results: The findings show that decentralising the fiscal allocation of responsibilities to local governments has a lack of association with child immunisation status and the results are robust. The results also suggest that increasing the number of village health centres (posyandu) per 1,000 population improves probability of children to receive full immunisation significantly, while increasing that of hospitals and health centres (puskesmas) has no significant effect. Conclusion: These findings suggest that merely decentralising the health system does not guarantee improvement in a country's immunisation coverage. Any successful decentralisation demands good capacity and capability of local governments

Thermal histories of Indonesian porphyry copper-gold deposits determined by U-Th-He, U-Pb, Re-Os, K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods

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Thermal history analysis of selected Chilean, Indonesian and Iranian porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits

This paper presents U-Pb-He triple dating age determination for several porphyry Cu±Mo±Au deposits in Chile, Indonesia and Iran in an effort to determine their thermal histories and to explore the effects of cooling/exhumation rates on ore formation and preservation processes. Inverse thermal modelling of measured time-temperature history data from these deposits was conducted to quantitatively constrain the depth of emplacement, duration of ore deposition, exposure ages and cooling/exhumation rates. The duration of hypogene ore formation for the deposits studied generally occurs within timeframes of 10⁵ years, although modelling results for the Grasberg, Batu Hijau and El Teniente super porphyry deposits suggest formation periods of the order of 10⁴ years. Emplacement depths on intrusions associated with porphyry mineralisation range from 800 m to 5500 m from the palaeosurface, with the Grasberg and Rio Blanco being respectively the shallowest and deepest super porphyry deposits studied. The thermochronology data indicates a positive correlation between metal grade and cooling rate during hypogene ore formation, but further investigation is warranted. Exhumation rates varying from 0.3 to 1.1 km/m.y. have implications for the preservation potential of hypogene ore deposits, with super porphyry deposits like Sar Cheshmeh potentially losing 3.5 Mt of copper to erosion over the last 5 million years. The potential for supergene ore formation under such conditions is high, as is the potential for the formation of proximal Exotica-type deposits.16 page(s