Estimation of crop coefficient for Marigold (Tagetes erecta (L.)) under drip irrigated greenhouse

Crop water consumption (ETc) varies from region to region depending on crop type, growth stages, soil, and climate conditions. In order to obtain full yield and avoid unnecessary water usage, the water demand of the cultivated plants should be accurately calculated, and irrigation water should be applied in accordance with plant needs. In this, the study was carried out in field No.C3 of Central farm at Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur, Trichy district to determine the growth stage-specific crop coefficient (Kc) and pan coefficient (Kp) for the greenhouse grown marigold (Tagetes erecta (L.). Since, a large area was occupied by a ClassA pan, the reduced-size evaporative pans (20 and 60 cm compared with Class A pan) was used and pan coefficient was determined as 0.93 and 0.96 respectively. A pan coefficient (Kp) was used to convert pan evaporation (Epan) to grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Based on the tensiometer readings, the depleted moisture content was taken to reckon the crop coefficient for different growth stage. The results revealed that crop coefficient (Kc) for marigold was observed as 0.37 during the initial stage (Kcin), 0.8 during mid-stage (Kcmid) and 0.47 (Kcfin) during the final stage. These results would be helpful for crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling for similar condition

Spatio-temporal analysis and impact assessment of trawl bycatch of Karnataka to suggest operation based fishery management options

Trawling is one of the most efficient methods of catching fish world over and is also the most important human intervention causing physical disturbance to the world’s continental shelves, and consequently, the physical destruction of ecosystems (Jennings and Kaiser, 1998). Trawling is targeted at specific groups of organisms, and trawl net being a non-selective gear, catches everything available in its towing path

Bycatch from Trawlers with special reference to Its Impact on Commercial Fishery, off Mangalore

Trawling, though one of the most efficient methods of fish capture, is also found to be the most important human caused physical disturbance on the world's continental shelves and hence the physical destruction of ecosystems (Jennings and Kaiser, 1998), Trawl fishery is generally a mixed fishery targeting a number of species and sizes simultaneously. Discarding is the practice of returning an unwanted section of the catch back to the sea during fishing operations (Alverson, 1994; Van Beek, 1998; Hall,2000

IMG-GUARD: Watermark Based Approach for Image Privacy in OSN Framework

A social networking service (also social networking site, SNS or social media) is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with another persons who are share their own details or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections. Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate a range of new information and various tools such as availability personal computers, mobile devices such as tablet computers and smart phones, digital photo/video/sharing and "web logging" diary entries online (blogging). While Online Social Networks (OSNs) enable users to share photos easily, they also expose users to several privacy threats from both the OSNs and external entities. The current privacy controls on social networks are far from adequate, resulting in inappropriate flows of information when users fail to understand their privacy settings or OSNs fail to implement policies correctly. Social networks may be complicated because of privacy expectations when they reserve the right to analyze uploaded photos using automated watermarking technique. A user who uploads digital data such as image to their home page may wish to share it with only mutual friends, which OSNs partially satisfy with privacy settings. In this paper, we concentrate to solve the privacy violation problem occurred when images are published on the online social networks without the permission. According to such images are always shared after uploading process. Therefore, the digital image watermarking based on DWT co-efficient. Watermark bits are embedded in uploaded images. Watermarked images are shared in user homages can be difficult to misuse by other persons

Preliminary experiments on application of participatory GIS in trawl fisheries of Karnataka and its prospects in marine fisheries resource conservation and management

Geographic Information System (GIS) has become a part of our day today life in empowering institutions to formulate acceptable solutions in societal issues. More recently, public participatory GIS (PPGIS) and participatory GIS (PGIS) were viewed as more efficient tools in solving social and resource conservation issues, which empower communities those who are often ignored in traditional GIS practices. In fisheries, PGIS concept was first reported from Canada and on these lines pioneering efforts of involving concept of PGIS in fisheries is being attempted in Karnataka, where the geospatial data on fishing, catch and samples of fish caught by commercial fishing vessels were shared with the research organization and the data and samples thus shared were processed by fishery and GIS experts to come out with various tools for fishery management and resource conservation of the region. The study showed that the trawlers from Mangalore carried out trawling operations from sea off Calicut in the south (75 oE, 11 oN) to off Ratnagiri in the north (73.5 oE, 17 oN). Their depth of operation was between 5 m and 167 m, which signify the importance of revalidation of state–wise policies in introduction of mechanized vessels based on the landing in the respective states. The study showed that during the period, 237 species / groups of marine fauna were discarded of which many were juveniles of commercial species and rest were of adult size fishes of low or no market value. Spatio-temportal distribution and abundance of commercially lesser known species, which was not reported earlier from the coast,which have high trophic importance like small crabs, Charybdis hoplites and shrimp species like Metapenaeus andamanensis were brought out as the results of the study. Study also provided information on a unique ecosystem off Karnataka coast and with reef species and there is an immediate need for conserving this ecosystem. Based on the results of distribution and abundance of marine resources, spatial and seasonal restrictions on fishing efforts can be advocated in areas and seasons during which high incidence of bycatch of juveniles and non-commercial biota is being caught. This will help in sustaining marine fisheries from Malabar and Konkan coasts

Assessment of low value bycatch and its application for management of trawl fisheries

In recent years, large quantities of low value bycatch (LVB) are landed by trawlers for use as fish meal and in fertilizer. Several fish meal plants have been established and high demand for the raw material is acting as an incentive for catching and landing large quantities of LVB. In Karnataka (a coastal state along west coast of India) alone, the annual turnover of fish meal and fertilizer plants is estimated to be around 270 million rupees (= 4.6 million US$).The landed LVB is turning out to be a sizeable income to the trawl operators. There are several concerns related to increasing bycatch of the trawlers. The bycatch is comprised of a high percentage of juveniles of commercially important species, resulting in recruitment overfishing. With the introduction of high speed semi-pelagic trawls, the adults of low-valued, small-sized adult fishes are also removed in large quantities, impacting the coastal marine resources. The current situation demands a robust management plan addressing the issues of the bycatch and in this regard information on quantities, value and composition of lVB landed and/or discarded, and seasonality of the catch are essential

Mapping of fishery resources in trawling grounds along the Malabar-Konkan coast

Two categories of bottom trawl units are in operation along the Malabar-Konkan coast. The first category comprises of small boats (<9.75 m OAL) conducting daily trips operating trawl nets with codend mesh size of 10-20 mm and catch generally prawns, flatfishes and other finfishes

കാലാവസ്ഥാ വ്യതിയാനവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട് ഭാരതത്തിലെ കടൽ മത്സ്യത്തൊഴിലാളികൾ ആർജ്ജിച്ചെടുത്ത തദ്ദേശീയ സാങ്കേതിക ജ്ഞാനം (Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITKs’) of Indian Marine Fishermen with reference to Climate Change)

The fisher folk of coastal India possess a rich repertoire of ancient knowledge and traditional wisdom with respect to various climate change related phenomena which they have made use of in their day to day fishing activities. This provides them, the rule of the thumb to be followed with respect to observed indicators or relationship with in events of climate change related inflections. These local fisher communities over centuries, have developed and implemented extensive mitigation and adaptation strategies that have enabled them reduce their vulnerability to past climate variability and change. However, the fact that this rich treasure house of indigenous wisdom which serves as a complement to modern scientific methods of adapting and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change in fisheries has been largely ignored or rather receded into the mists of antiquity

Study on the reproductive behavior among women of rural areas of Pondicherry

Background: The fertility rate in India is declining and it is necessary to know the factors responsible for such decline in different states. It was decided to study reproductive behavior of women contributing to decline in fertility in Pondicherry. The aim and objective of this study is known the reproductive behavior of women in the rural areas on Pondicherry.Methods: Sample of 300 married women aged between 30 and 60 years were selected randomly from village belonging to Katerikuppam PHC and the data collected using the pre tested semi open ended questionnaires by interviewing the subjects at their doorsteps during September to November 2014.Results: The mean age of the subjects was 41.5 ± 9.5 years. There were 793 total pregnancies and live births were 701 and abortions accounted for ten percent and still births were 9 in number. The mean number of pregnancies and live births were 2.6 ± 1.1 and 2.3 ± 1.0 per women respectively. The mean age at menarche, marriage and first pregnancy were 14.3 ± 1.4, 19.6 ± 3.1 and 21.1 ± 3.1 years respectively. The mean number of pregnancies were declined from currently older age to the lower age of the subjects and found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: The mean age at marriage and first pregnancy is increasing and the differences in the mean number of pregnancies and live births are showing declining trend.

CMFRI Marine Fisheries Policy Series -2; Guidance on National Plan of Action for Sharks in India

This document entitled “Guidance on National Plan of Action for Sharks in India” is intended as a guidance to the NPOA-Sharks, and seeks to (1) present an overview of the current status of India’s shark fishery, (2) assess the current management measures and their effectiveness, (3) identify the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in NPOA-Sharks and (4) suggest a theme-based action plan for NPOA-Sharks